Tribological testing of skin products: gender, age, and ethnicity on the volar forearm

Background/purpose: Few studies have focused on the simultaneous measurement of the friction and electrical properties of skin. This work investigates the feasibility of using these measurements to differentiate between the effects of chemicals commonly applied to the skin. In addition, this study also compares the condition of the skin and its response to application of chemicals across gender, ethnicity, and age at the volar forearm.

[1]  S. Comaish,et al.  THE SKIN AND FRICTION: DEVIATIONS FROM AMONTON'S LAWS, AND THE EFFECTS OF HYDRATION AND LUBRICATION , 1971, The British journal of dermatology.

[2]  J. K. Prall.  Instrumental Evaluation of the Effects of Cosmetic Products on Skin Surfaces with Particular Reference to Smoothness , 1973 .

[3]  K. Highley,et al.  Frictional properties of skin. , 1977, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[4]  Received March,et al.  In vivo skin friction measurements , 1977 .

[5]  H. Tagami,et al.  Evaluation of the skin surface hydration in vivo by electrical measurement. , 1980, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[6]  E. H. Gans,et al.  Skin friction coefficient: changes induced by skin hydration and emollient application and correlation with perceived skin feel , 1981 .

[7]  P Helander,et al.  Hydration of human stratum corneum studied in vivo by optothermal infrared spectrometry, electrical capacitance measurement, and evaporimetry. , 1988, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[8]  C. Blichmann,et al.  Effects of single application of a moisturizer: evaporation of emulsion water, skin surface temperature, electrical conductance, electrical capacitance, and skin surface (emulsion) lipids. , 1989, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[9]  H I Maibach,et al.  Frictional properties of human forearm and vulvar skin: influence of age and correlation with transepidermal water loss and capacitance. , 1990, Dermatologica.

[10]  H I Maibach,et al.  Frictional properties of human skin: relation to age, sex and anatomical region, stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss , 1990, The British journal of dermatology.

[11]  H. Tagami,et al.  Electrical measurement of the water content of the stratum corneum in vivo and in vitro under various conditions: comparison between skin surface hygrometer and corneometer in evaluation of the skin surface hydration state. , 1993, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[12]  Brian J. Briscoe,et al.  The friction and lubrication of human stratum corneum. , 1993 .

[13]  A Unsworth,et al.  A comparative study of the frictional properties of emollient bath additives using porcine skin , 1994, The British journal of dermatology.

[14]  Stig Ollmar,et al.  Baseline electrical impedance measurements at various skin sites – related to age and sex , 1997, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[15]  Stig Ollmar,et al.  Electrical impedance measurements at different skin sites related to seasonal variations , 2000, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[16]  Koudine,et al.  Frictional properties of skin: proposal of a new approach , 2000, International journal of cosmetic science.

[17]  Michio Miyakawa,et al.  The evaluation of skin friction using africtional feel analyzer , 2002, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[18]  Howard I Maibach,et al.  Friction coefficient of skin in real‐time , 2003, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[19]  R. Sivamani,et al.  Coefficient of friction: tribological studies in man – an overview , 2003, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.