'Smart' polymers and what they could do in biotechnology and medicine.

Stimulus-responsive or 'smart' polymers undergo strong conformational changes when only small changes in the environment (e. g. pH, temperature, ionic strength) occur. These changes result in phase separation from aqueous solution or order-of-magnitude changes in hydrogel size. Smart polymers are used in bioseparation and drug delivery, for the development of new biocatalysts, as biomimetic actuators, and as surfaces with switchable hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties.

[1]  X. Zhou,et al.  Immobilized chymotrypsin on reversibly precipitable polymerized liposome , 1996, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[2]  H. Kubota,et al.  Characteristics of acrylic acid and N‐isopropylacrylamide binary monomers–grafted polyethylene film synthesized by photografting , 1998 .

[3]  J. Kost.  Pulsed and Self-Regulated Drug Delivery , 1990 .

[4]  T. Okano,et al.  Pulsatile drug delivery systems using hydrogels , 1993 .

[5]  Edward L Cussler,et al.  Chemical aspects of gel extraction , 1986 .

[6]  J. Fréchet,et al.  Temperature-controlled high-performance liquid chromatography using a uniformly sized temperature-responsive polymer-based packing material. , 1995, Analytical chemistry.

[7]  Y. Lee,et al.  Preparation of pH/temperature responsive polymer membrane by plasma polymerization and its riboflavin permeation , 1997 .

[8]  Ronald S. Harland,et al.  Polyelectrolyte gels: Properties, preparation, and applications , 1992 .

[9]  T. Okano,et al.  Temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as a modulator for alteration of hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface properties to control activation/inactivation of platelets , 1995 .

[10]  T. Nonaka,et al.  Preparation of thermosensitive cellophane‐graft‐N‐isopropylacrylamide copolymer membranes and permeation of solutes through the membranes , 1997 .

[11]  Kinam Park,et al.  Characterization of protein release through glucose-sensitive hydrogel membranes. , 1997, Biomaterials.

[12]  B. Ewen.  Neutron spin echo spectroscopy. Viscoelasticity. Rheology , 1997 .

[13]  B. Mattiasson,et al.  Conjugates of monoclonal antibodies with polyelectrolyte complexes-- an attempt to make an artificial chaperone. , 1998, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[14]  K. Dušek.  Responsive Gels: Volume Transitions II , 1993 .

[15]  H. Kitano,et al.  Catalytic properties of enzymes modified with temperature‐responsive polymer chains , 1995 .

[16]  F. Takahashi,et al.  Immobilized enzyme reaction controlled by magnetic heating : γ-Fe2O3-loaded thermosensitive polymer gels consisting of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylamide , 1997 .

[17]  Kinam Park,et al.  Hydrogels and Biodegradable Polymers for Bioapplications , 1996 .

[18]  J. Fréchet,et al.  In situ Surface-Selective Modification of Uniform Size Macroporous Polymer Particles with Temperature-Responsive Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide , 1994 .

[19]  B. Mattiasson,et al.  Temperature-induced displacement of proteins from dye-affinity columns using an immobilized polymeric displacer , 1994 .

[20]  B. Mattiasson,et al.  A model study on Eudragit and polyethyleneimine as soluble carriers of α-amylase for repeated hydrolysis of starch , 1995 .

[21]  T. Park,et al.  Estimation of Temperature‐Dependent Pore Size in Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogel Beads , 1994, Biotechnology progress.

[22]  Dan W. Urry,et al.  Molecular Machines: How Motion and Other Functions of Living Organisms Can Result from Reversible Chemical Changes , 1993 .

[23]  Kinam Park,et al.  Hydrogels and biodegradable polymers for bioapplications : developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc., at the 208th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, August 21-26, 1994 , 1996 .

[24]  T. Nonaka,et al.  Preparation of poly (vinyl alcohol)-graft-N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer membranes with triphenylmethane leucocyanide and permeation of solutes through the membranes , 1998 .

[25]  T. Shiomi,et al.  UCST and LCST behaviour in polymer blends containing poly(methyl methacrylate-statstyrene) , 1998 .

[26]  Yoshihito Osada,et al.  Stimuli-responsive polymer gels and their application to chemomechanical systems , 1993 .

[27]  T. Okano,et al.  Mechanism of cell detachment from temperature-modulated, hydrophilic-hydrophobic polymer surfaces. , 1995, Biomaterials.

[28]  M. Taniguchi,et al.  Preparation of a Novel Thermo-Responsive Polymer and Its Use as a Carrier for Immobilization of Thermolysin , 1997 .

[29]  S. Yuk,et al.  pH/Temperature-Responsive Polymer Composed of Poly((N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-ethylacrylamide) , 1997 .

[30]  B. Mattiasson,et al.  Affinity precipitation of proteins: design criteria for an efficient polymer , 1998, Journal of molecular recognition : JMR.

[31]  T. Horbett,et al.  Design of insulin delivery devices based on glucose sensitive membranes , 1992 .

[32]  A S Hoffman,et al.  Immobilization of Arthrobacter simplex in a thermally reversible hydrogel: Effect of temperature cycling on steroid conversion , 1990, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[33]  T. Okano,et al.  Dynamic contact angle measurement of temperature-responsive surface properties for poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted surfaces , 1994 .

[34]  Yoshihiro Ito,et al.  pH-Sensitive Gating by Conformational Change of a Polypeptide Brush Grafted onto a Porous Polymer Membrane , 1997 .

[35]  Michihiro Fujii,et al.  Continuous simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of delignified rice straw by a combination of two reversibly soluble-autoprecipitating enzymes and pentose-fermenting yeast cells , 1997 .

[36]  G. Street.  Highly Selective Separations in Biotechnology , 1994, Springer Netherlands.

[37]  Kumar,et al.  Affinity precipitation of alpha-amylase inhibitor from wheat meal by metal chelate affinity binding using cu(II)-loaded copolymers of 1-vinylimidazole with N-isopropylacrylamide , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[38]  K. C. Chang,et al.  Immobilization of chitinase on a reversibly soluble-insoluble polymer for chitin hydrolysis. , 1994, Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology.

[39]  Olivier Meyer,et al.  Copolymers of N‐isopropylacrylamide can trigger pH sensitivity to stable liposomes , 1998, FEBS letters.

[40]  T. Shiroya,et al.  Control of enzymatic activity using thermosensitive polymers , 1995 .

[41]  Yoshihiro Ito,et al.  Imaging of a pH‐sensitive polymer brush on a porous membrane using atomic force microscopy in aqueous solution , 1997 .

[42]  K. Schmitz.  Macro-ion Characterization: From Dilute Solutions to Complex Fluids , 1993 .

[43]  D. Gross,et al.  pH-Sensitive, cation-selective channels formed by a simple synthetic polyelectrolyte in artificial bilayer membranes , 1996 .

[44]  M. Taniguchi,et al.  Repeated Utilization of β-Glucosidase Immobilized on a Reversibly Soluble-Insoluble Polymer for Hydrolysis of Phloridzin as a Model Reaction Producing a Water-Insoluble Product , 1996 .

[45]  C. Bamford,et al.  Polymer biomaterials in solution, as interfaces and as solids : festschrift honoring the 60th birthday of Dr. Allan S. Hoffman ; editors, S.L. Cooper, C.H. Bamford and T. Tsuruta , 1996 .

[46]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Imidazole—a new ligand for metal affinity precipitation , 1997 .

[47]  T. Okano,et al.  Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography. 2. Effects of hydrophobic groups in N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer-modified silica. , 1997, Analytical chemistry.

[48]  Ick Chan Kwon,et al.  Saccharide effect on the lower critical solution temperature of thermosensitive polymers , 1995 .

[49]  B. Mattiasson,et al.  Aqueous two-phase system formed by thermoreactive vinyl imidazole/vinyl caprolactam copolymer and dextran for partitioning of a protein with a polyhistidine tail , 1997 .

[50]  T. Okano,et al.  Temperature-Responsive Chromatography Using Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Modified Silica. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.