Minimal majorities and minorities

This study is one of a series of experiments designed to examine how sociostructural factors such as group numbers, power and status affect intergroup behaviour. Using a variant of Tajfel's ‘minimal group’ paradigm the present study investigated the intergroup behaviour of college students categorized as numerical minority, majority or ‘equal’ group members. The effects of salient (S) versus non-salient (S) group categorizations were also examined. These manipulations yielded a 3 × 2 design matrix consisting of majority/equal/minority × salient (S)/non-salient (S) group conditions. Unlike most previous studies using this paradigm, subjects' responses on Tajfel's point distribution matrices were supplemented with subjects' report of their own and outgroup's point distribution strategies. As expected, minimal group results were replicated in the ‘equal’ group (S) condition such that mere categorization into ingroup/outgroup was sufficient to foster intergroup discrimination. However salient (S) equal group members were more fair than discriminatory in their responses. Minorities (S/S) were generally less fair than equal groups, showed high levels of absolute ingroup favouritism (S) while simultaneously attempting to establish positive distinctiveness from majorities. Though majorities were generally fair (S/S), they also appeared to be more concerned than minorities about maintaining positive differentials between themselves and minorities. Although, majority (S/S) and equal group (S) members accurately reported their actual distribution strategies, minorities (S/S) and equal (S) group members were not as accurate in their self reports. Overall the present results are consistent with hypotheses derived from Social Identity Theory. But the results also show that sociostructural variables such as group numbers can have an important impact on intergroup behaviours. Cette etude fait partie d'un ensemble de recherches destinees a investiguer l'impact de facteurs socioculturels comme la taille, le statut et le pouvoir d'un groupe sur les comportements intergroupes. Nous presentons ici une etude experimentale 3 × 2 ou nous avons manipule a la fois la taille du groupe (numeriquement majoritaire, minoritaire ou equivalent a un autre) et l'evidence de la categorisation (accentuee -S- ou non -S-). Les comportements intergroupes d'etudiants de college furent mesures a l'aide d'une variante du paradigme classique de Tajfel. A la difference d'autres etudes du měme type, on a egalement recueilli le point de vue des sujets a propos de leur strategie d'attribution des points. Comme prevu, la condition ‘groupes equivalents’ produit les resultats habituels: la simple differenciation ingroup-outgroup suffit a induire une discrimination intergroupe. Neanmoins, quand l'egalite des deux groupes est mentionnee, les sujets se montrent plus ‘corrects’ que discriminateurs! Les groupes minoritaires furent generalernent moins ‘corrects’ que les groupes equivalents. Ils montrerent dam l'absolu un haut niveau de favoritisme intragroupe. En měme temps, ils tenterent d'etablir une distinction positive par rapport a la majorite. Quoique generalement les majorites furent correctes (S/S), elles se montrerent egalement plus tentees que les minorites de maintenir une distinction positive entre elles et les minorites. Les majorites (S/S) et groupes egaux (S) expliquerent correctement leurs strategies d'attribution de points. Les minorites (S/SS) et groupes egaux (S) ne rapporterent pas aussi correctement leurs strategies. Ces resultats sont coherents avec les hypotheses que l'on peut tirer de la theorie de l'identite sociale. Mais ils montrent egalement que des variables sociostructurelles comme la taille du groupe peuvent affecter de maniere importante les comportements intergroupes.