The application of power-to-gas, pumped hydro storage and compressed air energy storage in an electricity system at different wind power penetration levels

Many countries worldwide have committed themselves to reducing the rate in which they emit greenhouse gasses. These emissions are the major driver behind human induced global warming. Renewable electricity implementation is one way of reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. However, this transition is also accompanied by some problems. The intermittency of renewables demands for a more flexible electricity system. In existing electricity systems this lack of flexibility already leads to load balancing issues increasing costs and threatening energy security.