Why are patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases? The potential role of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[1]  C. Visser,et al.  C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor: more than an epiphenomenon? , 1999, Circulation.

[2]  E. Wouters,et al.  Plasma leptin is related to proinflammatory status and dietary intake in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[3]  F. Crea,et al.  Widespread coronary inflammation in unstable angina. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  E. Gunter,et al.  Laboratory procedures used for the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 , 1996 .

[5]  James T. Willerson,et al.  Direct Proinflammatory Effect of C-Reactive Protein on Human Endothelial Cells , 2000, Circulation.

[6]  A. Ionescu,et al.  Inflammatory response and body composition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[7]  B. Hedblad,et al.  Lung Function and Cardiovascular Risk: Relationship With Inflammation-Sensitive Plasma Proteins , 2002, Circulation.

[8]  H. Saito,et al.  The relationship between chronic hypoxemia and activation of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha system in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2000, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[9]  J Benichou,et al.  A comparison of several methods to test for the existence of a monotonic dose–response relationship in clinical and epidemiological studies , 2001, Statistics in medicine.

[10]  G. Hasenfuss,et al.  Marked sympathetic activation in patients with chronic respiratory failure. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[11]  J L Hankinson,et al.  Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general U.S. population. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[12]  R Peto,et al.  Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studies. , 1998, JAMA.

[13]  K. Williams,et al.  Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  P. Cassano,et al.  Lipids and pulmonary function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 2002, American journal of epidemiology.

[15]  P. Gergen,et al.  The effect of pulmonary impairment on all-cause mortality in a national cohort. , 1993, Chest.

[16]  E. Wouters,et al.  Evidence for a relation between metabolic derangements and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in a subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1996, Thorax.

[17]  Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94. Series 1: programs and collection procedures. , 1994, Vital and health statistics. Ser. 1, Programs and collection procedures.

[18]  V. Hombach,et al.  C-Reactive Protein–Mediated Low Density Lipoprotein Uptake by Macrophages: Implications for Atherosclerosis , 2001, Circulation.

[19]  A. Siegelaub,et al.  Lung function and risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. , 1976, The New England journal of medicine.

[20]  W Winkelstein,et al.  Pulmonary function is a long-term predictor of mortality in the general population: 29-year follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study. , 2000, Chest.

[21]  P. Fraker,et al.  Rapid changes in the lymphopoietic and granulopoietic compartments of the marrow caused by stress levels of corticosterone , 2002, Immunology.

[22]  J. Danesh,et al.  Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[23]  A. Hoes.  Case-control studies. , 1995, The Netherlands journal of medicine.

[24]  P M Rautaharju,et al.  Cardiac Infarction Injury Score: An Electrocardiographic Coding Scheme for Ischemic Heart Disease , 1981, Circulation.

[25]  V M Hawthorne,et al.  Impaired lung function and mortality risk in men and women: findings from the Renfrew and Paisley prospective population study , 1996, BMJ.

[26]  P. Ridker.  Evaluating Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Can We Better Predict Heart Attacks? , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[27]  P. Waltzing.  [Rheumatoid factors]. , 1971, Les Cahiers de medecine.

[28]  H. Volk,et al.  Influence of aminosteroid and glucocorticoid treatment on inflammation and immune function during cardiopulmonary bypass , 2001, Critical care medicine.

[29]  M. Visser,et al.  Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. , 1999, JAMA.

[30]  R. Pauwels,et al.  Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[31]  P M Rautaharju,et al.  Methodology of ECG Interpretation in the Dalhousie Program; NOVACODE ECG Classification Procedures for Clinical Trials and Population Health Surveys , 1990, Methods of Information in Medicine.