Olfaction--a window to the mind.

Although our knowledge of the brain, the olfactory sense and autoimmunity continues to evolve, examining the olfaction ability is not yet routinely applied by clinicians in the process of diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, assessment of the sense of smell and olfactory impairments is usually overlooked by patients and their clinicians. Given the clinical data reviewed here, clinicians should be encouraged to screen for olfactory impairments, which can help in the early diagnosis of CNS diseases such as Parkinson, dementia and schizophrenia, as well as CNS-autoimmune diseases such as neuropsychiatric lupus.

[1]  A. Weller,et al.  Prolonged and very intensive contact may not be conducive to menstrual synchrony , 1998, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[2]  Y. Shoenfeld,et al.  The mosaic of autoimmunity: genetic factors involved in autoimmune diseases--2008. , 2008, The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ.

[3]  J. Chapman,et al.  Induction of autoimmune depression in mice by anti-ribosomal P antibodies via the limbic system. , 2007, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[4]  Robert J Zatorre,et al.  Olfactory learning: convergent findings from lesion and brain imaging studies in humans. , 2002, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[5]  G. Rougon,et al.  Consequences of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Deficiency on Cell Migration in the Rostral Migratory Stream of the Mouse , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[6]  Raquel E Gur,et al.  Olfactory Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review , 1999, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[7]  S. Daniel,et al.  Commentary Qjm Is Parkinson's Disease a Primary Olfactory Disorder? , 2022 .

[8]  T. Sharma,et al.  Cognitive functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia , 2005, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[9]  R. Doty,et al.  Olfactory testing differentiates between progressive supranuclear palsy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease , 1993, Neurology.

[10]  Gustavo Glusman,et al.  The complete human olfactory subgenome. , 2001, Genome research.

[11]  R. Murray,et al.  The Genetics of Schizophrenia is the Genetics of Neurodevelopment , 1991, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[12]  M. Yücel,et al.  Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour? Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence of inhibitory dysregulation. , 2004, Addiction.

[13]  M. Jenike.  Obsessive compulsive disorder. , 1983, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[14]  S. Daniel,et al.  Preliminary diagnosis of Parkinson's disease by olfactory bulb pathology , 1992, The Lancet.

[15]  W. Honer,et al.  Olfactory function in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. , 1998, The American journal of psychiatry.

[16]  R. Axel,et al.  A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: A molecular basis for odor recognition , 1991, Cell.

[17]  S. Schiffman,et al.  Taste, smell and neuropsychological performance of individuals at familial risk for Alzheimer’s disease , 2002, Neurobiology of Aging.

[18]  P. Satz,et al.  Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia patients, bipolar patients, and their siblings. , 1994, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[19]  R. Thornhill,et al.  Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men , 1998, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[20]  J. Pardo,et al.  Functional neuroimaging of the olfactory system in humans. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[21]  B. Turetsky,et al.  Reduced olfactory bulb volume in patients with schizophrenia. , 2000, The American journal of psychiatry.

[22]  B. Leonard.  The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression. , 1984, Polish journal of pharmacology and pharmacy.

[23]  Roman Ferstl,et al.  Sensitivity to androstenone in female subjects is associated with an altered brain response to male body odor , 1999, Physiology & Behavior.

[24]  B. Leonard,et al.  The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression , 2005, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[25]  F Mauguière,et al.  Odorants elicit evoked potentials in the human amygdala. , 2001, Cerebral cortex.

[26]  J. Waller,et al.  Atypical neuroleptics stimulate neurogenesis in adult rat brain , 2002, Journal of neuroscience research.

[27]  F. Naftolin,et al.  Effect of Purified Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Factor on Normal and Hypogonadotrophic Anosmic Men , 1971, Nature.

[28]  Y. Shoenfeld,et al.  To smell the immune system: olfaction, autoimmunity and brain involvement. , 2006, Autoimmunity reviews.

[29]  F. Cendes,et al.  Hippocampal atrophy in systemic lupus erythematosus , 2006, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[30]  J. Kelly,et al.  The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression: an update. , 1997, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[31]  H. Budka,et al.  Neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex of AIDS brains: a morphometric study , 2004, Acta Neuropathologica.

[32]  P. Maruff,et al.  Impairment of olfactory identification in obsessive–compulsive disorder , 1999, Psychological Medicine.

[33]  M. Phillips,et al.  Disgust – the forgotten emotion of psychiatry , 1998, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[34]  R. Zivadinov,et al.  Olfactory loss in multiple sclerosis , 1999, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[35]  James Eliassen,et al.  Neuroimaging evidence for the emotional potency of odor-evoked memory , 2004, Neuropsychologia.

[36]  M. van Buchem,et al.  Selective Involvement of the Amygdala in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , 2006, PLoS medicine.

[37]  S. Lawrie,et al.  Brain abnormality in schizophrenia , 1998, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[38]  D. Lancet,et al.  The molecular basis of odor recognition , 1987 .

[39]  Tomoya Yamamoto,et al.  Monkey orbitofrontal neuron activity during emotional and feeding behaviors , 1984, Brain Research Bulletin.

[40]  Richard Axel,et al.  Visualizing an Olfactory Sensory Map , 1996, Cell.

[41]  B. Turetsky,et al.  Dysregulation of olfactory receptor neuron lineage in schizophrenia. , 2001, Archives of general psychiatry.