A Neural-Network-Based Methodology for the Evaluation of the Center of Gravity of a Motorcycle Rider

A correct reproduction of a motorcycle rider’s movements during driving is a crucial and the most influential aspect of the entire motorcycle–rider system. The rider performs significant variations in terms of body configuration on the vehicle in order to optimize the management of the motorcycle in all the possible dynamic conditions, comprising cornering and braking phases. The aim of the work is to focus on the development of a technique to estimate the body configurations of a high-performance driver in completely different situations, starting from the publicly available videos, collecting them by means of image acquisition methods, and employing machine learning and deep learning techniques. The technique allows us to determine the calculation of the center of gravity (CoG) of the driver’s body in the video acquired and therefore the CoG of the entire driver–vehicle system, correlating it to commonly available vehicle dynamics data, so that the force distribution can be properly determined. As an additional feature, a specific function correlating the relative displacement of the driver’s CoG towards the vehicle body and the vehicle roll angle has been determined starting from the data acquired and processed with the machine and the deep learning techniques.

[1]  Manuela Galli,et al.  Summary measures for clinical gait analysis: a literature review. , 2014, Gait & posture.

[2]  Howard B. Demuth,et al.  Neutral network toolbox for use with Matlab , 1995 .

[3]  J. C. Wu,et al.  A model for a rider-motorcycle system using fuzzy control , 1993, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[4]  Victor B. Zordan,et al.  Mapping optical motion capture data to skeletal motion using a physical model , 2003, SCA '03.

[5]  Mara Tanelli,et al.  Roll angle estimation in two-wheeled vehicles , 2009 .

[6]  Timo Rantalainen,et al.  Markerless 2D kinematic analysis of underwater running: A deep learning approach. , 2019, Journal of biomechanics.

[7]  D. Signorini,et al.  Neural networks , 1995, The Lancet.

[8]  Nicola Petrone,et al.  A Three-Dimensional Parametric Biomechanical Rider Model for Multibody Applications , 2020, Applied Sciences.

[9]  V. Zatsiorsky,et al.  An algorithm for determining gravity line location from posturographic recordings. , 1997, Journal of biomechanics.

[10]  Daniil Osokin,et al.  Real-time 2D Multi-Person Pose Estimation on CPU: Lightweight OpenPose , 2018, ICPRAM.

[11]  Hans-Peter Seidel,et al.  Markerless Motion Capture with unsynchronized moving cameras , 2009, 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[12]  Patric Schubert,et al.  Ellipse area calculations and their applicability in posturography. , 2014, Gait & posture.

[13]  Francesco Timpone,et al.  A real-time thermal model for the analysis of tire/road interaction in motorcycle applications , 2020 .

[14]  Nejc Sarabon,et al.  Review of Methods for the Evaluation of Human Body Balance , 2010 .

[15]  Roy S. Rice,et al.  Rider Skill Influences on Motorcycle Maneuvering , 1978 .

[16]  Flavio Farroni,et al.  Development of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Determination of the Centre of Mass , 2021, Symmetry.

[17]  Marc Schlipsing,et al.  Video-based roll angle estimation for two-wheeled vehicles , 2011, 2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV).

[18]  Yaser Sheikh,et al.  Single-Network Whole-Body Pose Estimation , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[19]  Babak Nadjar Araabi,et al.  Real time estimation and tracking of human body Center of Mass using 2D video imaging , 2011, 2011 1st Middle East Conference on Biomedical Engineering.

[20]  P. Leva Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. , 1996 .

[21]  Ruzena Bajcsy,et al.  Evaluation of Pose Tracking Accuracy in the First and Second Generations of Microsoft Kinect , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Healthcare Informatics.

[22]  Noel E. O'Connor,et al.  Shallow and Deep Convolutional Networks for Saliency Prediction , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[23]  David A. Forsyth,et al.  Skeletal parameter estimation from optical motion capture data , 2004, 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05).

[24]  J. Dowling,et al.  The measurement of body segment inertial parameters using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. , 2002, Journal of biomechanics.

[25]  Yaser Sheikh,et al.  OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation Using Part Affinity Fields , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[26]  M. Shiffrar,et al.  Dynamic Representations of Human Body Movement , 1999, Perception.

[27]  Thomas P Andriacchi,et al.  The evolution of methods for the capture of human movement leading to markerless motion capture for biomechanical applications , 2006, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.

[28]  Emanuele Zappa,et al.  Vision-based measuring system for rider's pose estimation during motorcycle riding , 2013 .

[29]  Hiroshi Ishii,et al.  Development of a Riding Simulator for Motorcycles , 2018, SAE Technical Paper Series.

[30]  Frank A. Pintar,et al.  Physical properties of the human head: mass, center of gravity and moment of inertia. , 2009, Journal of biomechanics.

[31]  Robert D. Catena,et al.  Does the anthropometric model influence whole-body center of mass calculations in gait? , 2017, Journal of biomechanics.

[32]  Tetsuo Ono,et al.  Body Movement Analysis of Human-Robot Interaction , 2003, IJCAI.

[33]  Mark Andrew Jaffrey,et al.  Estimating centre of mass trajectory and subject-specific body segment parameters using optimisation approaches , 2008 .

[34]  W. R. Czart,et al.  Superconducting Properties of theη-Pairing State in the Penson-Kolb-Hubbard Model , 2004 .

[35]  Hermann Winner,et al.  Approach to a holistic rider input determination for a dynamic motorcycle riding simulator. , 2016 .

[36]  Francesco Timpone,et al.  A state-of-the-art review on torque distribution strategies aimed at enhancing energy efficiency for fully electric vehicles with independently actuated drivetrains , 2019 .

[37]  Francesco Timpone,et al.  Stabilizing a Vehicle Platoon with the Unidirectional Distributed Adaptive Sliding Mode Control , 2019, 2019 23rd International Conference on Mechatronics Technology (ICMT).

[38]  P. Rougier,et al.  Estimation of centre of gravity movements in sitting posture: application to trunk backward tilt. , 2011, Journal of biomechanics.