OSPM : A Design Methodology for Open Strategic Planning 1

Abstract This study employs a design science perspective to propose a methodology for open strategic planning (OSP). Habermas’ discourse theory and Bryson’s strategy change cycle are used as informing kernel theories. A methodology is proposed to satisfy the requirements retrieved from the kernel theories. The proposed methodology contains modules for a planning system and a planning process. Design principles are explained through a blueprint of the system and process. The proposed methodology is applied and evaluated in two cases. Contributions to the literature involve extending the literature on OSP to an applicable methodology with guidelines on how to implement open strategy.

[1]  Walter Brenner,et al.  Developing a maturity model for service systems in heavy equipment manufacturing enterprises , 2014, Inf. Manag..

[2]  Paul Verdin,et al.  Can co-creation lead to better strategy? An exploratory research , 2014 .

[3]  Vijay K. Vaishnavi,et al.  A Framework for Theory Development in Design Science Research: Multiple Perspectives , 2012, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[4]  Ann Majchrzak,et al.  Using Public Crowds for Open Strategy Formulation: Mitigating the Risks of Knowledge Gaps , 2017 .

[5]  Gail Fann Thomas,et al.  Crowdsourcing Strategizing , 2016 .

[6]  Detlef Schoder,et al.  Open strategy: Literature review, re-analysis of cases and conceptualisation as a practice , 2017, J. Strateg. Inf. Syst..

[7]  Leonhard Dobusch,et al.  Strategy as a Practice of Thousands: The Case of Wikimedia , 2012 .

[8]  Dominique Foray,et al.  Social software and strategy , 2011, ArXiv.

[9]  Jakob Kapeller,et al.  Open Strategy between Crowd and Community: Lessons from Wikimedia and Creative Commons , 2013 .

[10]  Mark Ryan,et al.  Coercion-resistance and receipt-freeness in electronic voting , 2006, 19th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop (CSFW'06).

[11]  A. Strauss,et al.  The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research aldine de gruyter , 1968 .

[12]  O. Bjelland,et al.  An Inside View of IBM's 'Innovation Jam' , 2008 .

[13]  Erkki Sutinen,et al.  Collaborative Strategic Planning On-line , 2004, PsychNology J..

[14]  Sayan Chatterjee,et al.  Democratizing Strategy: How Crowdsourcing Can Be Used for Strategy Dialogues , 2012 .

[15]  Bernd Carsten Stahl,et al.  From computer ethics to responsible research and innovation in ICT: The transition of reference discourses informing ethics-related research in information systems , 2014, Inf. Manag..

[16]  Paul C. Nutt,et al.  A Strategic Planning Network for Non- profit Organizations , 1984 .

[17]  Ian I. Mitroff,et al.  The Application of Behavioral and Philosophical Technologies to Strategic Planning: A Case Study of a Large Federal Agency , 1977 .

[18]  Linda S. Lotto.  Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods , 1986 .

[19]  Detlef Schoder,et al.  Open Strategy: Consolidated Definition and Processual Conceptualization , 2015, ICIS.

[20]  Carola Wolf,et al.  Strategic Planning Research: Toward a Theory-Driven Agenda , 2017 .

[21]  Louise Cooke,et al.  Opening strategy through 'Jamming': exploring the process , 2015 .

[22]  Alireza Amrollahi,et al.  The Effectiveness of an Open Strategic Planning Approach , 2016, PACIS.

[23]  Martin Weber,et al.  A new method of scenario analysis for strategic planning , 1988 .

[24]  Saku Mantere,et al.  On the Problem of Participation in Strategy: A Critical Discursive Perspective , 2008, Organ. Sci..

[25]  Xavier Castañer,et al.  Strategic Planning as an Integrative Device , 2004 .

[26]  Lincoln Dahlberg.  The Internet and Democratic Discourse: Exploring The Prospects of Online Deliberative Forums Extending the Public Sphere , 2001 .

[27]  H. Chesbrough,et al.  Open Innovation: A New Paradigm for Understanding Industrial Innovation , 2006 .

[28]  Yves Pigneur,et al.  Designing Business Models and Similar Strategic Objects: The Contribution of IS , 2013, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[29]  Howard Nothhaft,et al.  (Re-)Reading Clausewitz: The Strategy Discourse and its Implications for Strategic Communication. , 2014 .

[30]  Katja Hutter,et al.  Open Strategy – A New Strategy Paradigm? , 2014 .

[31]  R. Yin.  Case Study Research: Design and Methods , 1984 .

[32]  Salvatore T. March,et al.  Design and natural science research on information technology , 1995, Decis. Support Syst..

[33]  Robert D. Galliers,et al.  Exploring the impacts of knowledge (re)use and organizational memory on the effectiveness of strategic decisions: a longitudinal case study , 2003, 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the.

[34]  J. Habermas.  Zwischen Naturalismus und Religion : philosophische Aufsätze , 2005 .

[35]  Susan Gasson,et al.  HUMAN-CENTERED VS. USER-CENTERED APPROACHES TO INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGN , 2003 .

[36]  Göran Goldkuhl,et al.  DESIGN THEORIES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS - A NEED FOR MULTI-GROUNDING , 2004 .

[37]  Robert Winter,et al.  On the Use of Experiments in Design Science Research: A Proposition of an Evaluation Framework , 2014, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[38]  John C. Camillus,et al.  Reconciling logical incrementalism and synoptic formalism—an integrated approach to designing strategic planning processes , 1982 .

[39]  A. Michael Huberman,et al.  An expanded sourcebook qualitative data analysis , 1994 .

[40]  D. Samra-Fredericks,et al.  Strategic Practice, 'Discourse' and the Everyday Interactional Constitution of 'Power Effects' , 2005 .

[41]  J. D. Mcconnell.  Strategic planning: One workable approach , 1971 .

[42]  Varun Grover,et al.  Strategic Information Systems Planning: Planning System Dimensions, Internal Coalignment, and Implications for Planning Effectiveness , 1998 .

[43]  Detlef Schoder,et al.  Lifecycle of Strategy Practices: The Case of CarCo's Open Strategy Online Community , 2016, ICIS.

[44]  Julian Birkinshaw,et al.  Reflections on open strategy , 2017 .

[45]  R. Whittington,et al.  Opening Strategy: Evolution of a Precarious Profession , 2011 .

[46]  P. Williams.  Practice management. , 2005, The Alpha omegan.

[47]  T. Andersen.  Integrating Decentralized Strategy Making and Strategic Planning Processes in Dynamic Environments , 2004 .

[48]  Carsten Nico Hjortsø,et al.  Enhancing public participation in natural resource management using Soft OR--an application of strategic option development and analysis in tactical forest planning , 2004, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[49]  Lawrence R. Ness,et al.  Are We There Yet - Data Saturation in Qualitative Research (TQR Published).pdf , 2015 .

[50]  H. Chesbrough,et al.  Open Innovation and Strategy , 2007 .

[51]  K. Eisenhardt.  Building theories from case study research , 1989, STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI.

[52]  Keith W. Glaister,et al.  Strategic Planning: Still Going Strong? , 1999 .

[53]  Ernst Kesseler.  Assessing COTS software in a certifiable safety‐critical domain , 2008, Inf. Syst. J..

[54]  G. Whiteman,et al.  Radical Innovation for Sustainability: The Power of Strategy and Open Innovation , 2016 .

[55]  E. Vaara,et al.  Participation in strategy work , 2015 .

[56]  S. Chatterjee,et al.  Design Science Research in Information Systems , 2010 .

[57]  Mike Chiasson,et al.  Reconsidering deconstruction in information systems research , 2012, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[58]  K. Glaister,et al.  A CAUSAL ANALYSIS OF FORMAL STRATEGIC PLANNING AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM AN EMERGING COUNTRY , 2008 .

[59]  N. Leech,et al.  An Array of Qualitative Data Analysis Tools: A Call for Data Analysis Triangulation. , 2007 .

[60]  Wendy L. Cukier,et al.  A critical analysis of media discourse on information technology: preliminary results of a proposed method for critical discourse analysis , 2009, Inf. Syst. J..

[61]  Paul DiMaggio.  Comment on "What Theory is Not." , 1995 .

[62]  J. Habermas,et al.  The theory of communicative action. Volume 2, Lifeworld andsystem : a critique of functionalist reason , 1989 .

[63]  Hock-Hai Teo,et al.  Information technology and open innovation: A strategic alignment perspective , 2015, Inf. Manag..

[64]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  Rethinking Strategic Planning Part II: New Roles for Planners , 1994 .

[65]  Jonas Gamalielsson,et al.  Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved? , 2014, J. Syst. Softw..

[66]  Shirley Gregor,et al.  The Nature of Theory in Information Systems , 2006, MIS Q..

[67]  Alireza Amrollahi.  A Process Model for Crowdsourcing: Insights from the Literature on Implementation , 2016, ArXiv.

[68]  J. Woody Stanley,et al.  The Effects of Internet Use on Political Participation , 2003, DG.O.

[69]  Dubravka Cecez-Kecmanovic,et al.  Communicative practices in an online financial forum during abnormal stock market behavior , 2011, Inf. Manag..

[70]  Werner Ulrich,et al.  Discourse , 2019, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology.

[71]  R. Langlois,et al.  Networks and innovation in a modular system: Lessons from the microcomputer and stereo component industries , 1992 .

[72]  Andrea Resca,et al.  A design theory for digital platforms supporting online communities: a multiple case study , 2015, J. Inf. Technol..

[73]  D. Seidl,et al.  Opening Up the Strategy-Making Process: Comparing Open Strategy to Open Innovation , 2015 .

[74]  João Carlos Lourenço,et al.  A Socio-technical Approach for Group Decision Support in Public Strategic Planning: The Pernambuco PPA Case , 2014 .

[75]  M. Luedicke,et al.  Radically Open Strategizing: How the Premium Cola Collective Takes Open Strategy to the Extreme , 2017 .

[76]  Amir Hossein Ghapanchi,et al.  Using crowdsourcing tools for implementing open strategy: A case study in education , 2014 .

[77]  Charles Turner,et al.  Jürgen Habermas , 2004 .

[78]  H. Frank Cervone,et al.  Improving Strategic Planning by Adapting Agile Methods to the Planning Process , 2014 .

[79]  C. Hardy,et al.  Discourse as a Strategic Resource , 2000 .

[80]  Mohammad Khansari,et al.  Success of Open Source in Developing Countries: The Case of Iran , 2014, Int. J. Open Source Softw. Process..

[81]  Jim Bryant,et al.  Strategy making with the whole organisation: OR and the art of the possible , 2011, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[82]  Linda Englyst,et al.  Assessment of strategy formulation: how to ensure quality in process and outcome , 2006 .

[83]  R. Grant.  Strategic planning in a turbulent environment: evidence from the oil majors , 2003 .

[84]  B. Flyvbjerg.  Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research , 2006, 1304.1186.

[85]  Feng-Yang Kuo,et al.  To share or not to share: a critical research perspective on knowledge management systems , 2012, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[86]  J. Bryson.  Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement , 2011 .

[87]  Samir Chatterjee,et al.  A Design Science Research Methodology for Information Systems Research , 2008 .

[88]  Constantinos J. Stefanou,et al.  A framework for the ex-ante evaluation of ERP software , 2001, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[89]  Thomas Gegenhuber,et al.  Making an Impression Through Openness: How Open Strategy-Making Practices Change in the Evolution of New Ventures , 2017 .

[90]  André Vasconcelos,et al.  Information System Architecture Metrics: an Enterprise Engineering Evaluation Approach , 2010 .

[91]  David Arnott,et al.  Cognitive biases and decision support systems development: a design science approach , 2006, Inf. Syst. J..

[92]  S. Floyd,et al.  The Middle Management Perspective on Strategy Process: Contributions, Synthesis, and Future Research , 2008 .

[93]  Martin J. Eppler,et al.  Visual Strategizing: The Systematic Use of Visualization in the Strategic-Planning Process , 2009 .

[94]  Shirley Gregor,et al.  The Anatomy of a Design Theory , 2007, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[95]  P. Jarzabkowski,et al.  Strategic planning as communicative process , 2011 .

[96]  R. Rupnik,et al.  Measuring the success of the strategic information systems planning in enterprises in Slovenia , 2010 .

[97]  Kalle Lyytinen,et al.  Design theory for dynamic complexity in information infrastructures: the case of building internet , 2010, J. Inf. Technol..

[98]  R. Whittington,et al.  Open Strategy: Dimensions, Dilemmas, Dynamics , 2017 .

[99]  Amir Hossein Ghapanchi,et al.  From artefact to theory: ten years of using design science in information systems research , 2014 .

[100]  Indranil Bose,et al.  Innovation research in information systems: A commentary on contemporary trends and issues , 2016, Inf. Manag..

[101]  G. Hamel,et al.  Strategy as revolution. , 1996, Harvard business review.

[102]  Katja Hutter,et al.  Falling Short with Participation — Different Effects of Ideation, Commenting, and Evaluating Behavior on Open Strategizing , 2017 .

[103]  R. Pollanen,et al.  Strategic Planning and Implementation Success in Public Service Organizations: Evidence from Canada , 2016 .

[104]  Louise Cooke,et al.  Collaboration and knowledge sharing in open strategy initiatives , 2015 .

[105]  Gamel O. Wiredu.  Information Systems Innovation in Public Organisations: An Institutional Perspective , 2012, Inf. Technol. People.

[106]  Sharan B. Merriam,et al.  A Guide To Research For Educators And Trainers Of Adults , 1990 .

[107]  Michael D. Myers,et al.  A set of ethical principles for design science research in information systems , 2014, Inf. Manag..

[108]  Robert Winter,et al.  Theoretical stability of information systems design theory evaluations based upon habermas's discourse theory , 2011, ECIS.

[109]  A. Nee,et al.  Strategic planning—A contingency approach—Part 1. The strategic analysis , 1983 .

[110]  Göran Goldkuhl,et al.  A Multi-Grounded Design Research Process , 2010, DESRIST.

[111]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning , 1994 .

[112]  Sharan B. Merriam,et al.  Case Study Research in Education : A Qualitative Approach , 1991 .

[113]  Ricardo Chalmeta,et al.  Methodology for sustainability strategic planning and management , 2010, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[114]  Julia Balogun,et al.  The Practice and Process of Delivering Integration Through Strategic Planning , 2009 .

[115]  Amir Hossein Ghapanchi,et al.  Open Strategic Planning in Universities: A Case Study , 2016, 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).

[116]  Wanda J. Orlikowski,et al.  Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions , 1991, Inf. Syst. Res..

[117]  Omar El Sawy,et al.  Building an Information System Design Theory for Vigilant EIS , 1992, Inf. Syst. Res..

[118]  Margaret F. Reid,et al.  Time to raise the bar on nonprofit strategic planning and implementation , 2014 .

[119]  J. Füller,et al.  Open Strategy: Towards a Research Agenda , 2014 .

[120]  Omar A. El Sawy,et al.  Assessing Information System Design Theory in Perspective: How Useful Was our 1992 Initial Rendition? , 2004 .