Bronchial carcinoma kills more people than any other cancer in England and Wales. In 1966 carcinoma of lung, bronchus, pleura, and trachea (International Nos. 162 and 163) caused the death of 22,610 men-a proportion of 386 per 1,000 total male cancer deaths (967 per 1,000,000 living males). Each year the deaths continue to increase (Annual Report of Chief Medical Officer of Ministry of Health, 1966). Survival rates are very poor: for men in England and Wales perhaps 1,400 of each year's victims live five years. The situation today is no better than when Barrett (1958) wrote: "The present position is summarized as follows: the average span of life between the first symptom and death is about one year; of this short time three to four months elapse before a diagnosis is made, and two more before a surgeon is consulted. When the patients are first seen by a surgeon 80% are judged to be inoperable and to them there is nothing but palliation to offer. The prognosis for all cases is that 5% will live for five years from the day the disease is diagnosed." In southern England in 1961 4,190 males with this disease