Extractive metallurgy of vanadium

Foreword. Preface. History, Properties and Applications. Introduction. Discovery. Developments. Properties of Unalloyed Vanadium. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Vanadium Base Alloys. Interaction with Gases. Interaction with Molten Metals. Chemical Properties. Applications. Summary. References. 2. Sources. Introduction. Crustal Abundance. Minerals. Geochemistry. Sources and Reserves. Occurrences. Vanadium Source Utilisation Trends. Summary. References. 3. Sources Processing. Introduction. Physical Beneficiation. Aqueous Chemistry. Salt Roasting. Leaching. Solvent Extraction. Ion Exchange. Carbon Absorption and Desorption. Vanadium Precipitation. Determination of Vanadium. Uranium-Vanadium Ores. Titaniferous Magnetites. Non Titaniferous Iron Ores. Boiler Ash and Fly Ash. Spent Catalysts. Flexicoke. Vanadiferous Clays. Asphaltites of Peru. Lead Zinc Ores. Vanadiferous Shales. Phosphate Rock. Bauxite. Chromite. Ilmenite. Idaho Mudstones. Wyoming Vanadiferous Silicates. Summary. References. 4. Compounds and Alloys. Introduction. Oxides. Hydroxides. Peroxy Compounds. Vanadates. Vanadium Bronzes. Sulphates and Nitrates. Halides and Oxyhalides. Interstitial Compounds. Intermetallic Compounds. Ferrovanadium. Vanadium-Aluminium Master Alloys. Vanadium Base Alloys. Summary. References. 5. Reduction. Introduction. Thermodynamics of Reduction Processes. General Characteristics of Metallothermic Reductions. Calciothermic Reduction of Vanadium Oxides. Aluminothermic Reduction of Vanadium Oxides. Magnesiothermic Reduction of Vanadium Oxides. Magnesium Reduction of Vanadium Chlorides. Other Metallothermic Chloride Reduction Processes. Carbothermic Reduction of Vanadium Oxides. Hydrogen Reduction of Vanadium Compounds. Analytical Methods. Summary. References. 6. Refining of Vanadium. Introduction. Origin of Impurities in Vanadium. Pyrovacuum Treatments. Electrorefining. Iodide Refining. Zone Melting. Electrotransport. Analytical Methods. Gettering. Summary. References. 7. Toxicology. Introduction. Occupational Exposures. Effects on Animals and Humans. Threshold Limit Values. Vanadium Compounds Handling and Work Area Procedures. Vanadium Pollution. Summary. References. 8. A Few Minutes with Vanadium's Profile. Introduction. Occurrence. Processing. Reduction. Refining. Application. Conclusion. Subject Index.