Facets of dynamic positive affect: differentiating joy, interest, and activation in the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS).

This article proposes the differentiation of Joy, Interest, and Activation in the Positive Affect (PA) scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; D. Watson, L. A. Clark, & A. Tellegen, 1988). Study 1 analyzed the dynamic course of PA before, during, and after an exam and established the differentiation of the three facets. Study 2 used a multistate-multitrait analysis to confirm this structure. Studies 3-5 used success-failure experiences, speaking tasks, and feedback of exam results to further examine PA facets in affect-arousing settings. All studies provide convincing evidence for the benefit of differentiating three facets of PA in the PANAS: Joy, Interest, and Activation do have distinct and sometimes even opposite courses that make their separation meaningful and rewarding.

[1]  J. H. Ward.  Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function , 1963 .

[2]  J. Russell.  A circumplex model of affect. , 1980 .

[3]  Richard S. Lazarus,et al.  EMOTIONS: A COGNITIVE–PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS , 1980 .

[4]  L. Wheeler,et al.  Review of personality and social psychology , 1980 .

[5]  M. Aldenderfer.  Cluster Analysis , 1984 .

[6]  D. Watson,et al.  Toward a consensual structure of mood. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[7]  Jan de Leeuw,et al.  On the relationship between item response theory and factor analysis of discretized variables , 1987 .

[8]  Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[9]  P. Shaver,et al.  Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. , 1987 .

[10]  A. Isen,et al.  Positive affect, cognitive processes, and social behavior. , 1987 .

[11]  Phoebe C. Ellsworth,et al.  Shades of Joy: Patterns of Appraisal Differentiating Pleasant Emotions , 1988 .

[12]  D. Watson,et al.  Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[13]  J. Rivera,et al.  Distinguishing elation, gladness, and joy. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[14]  R. Lazarus.  Emotion and Adaptation , 1991 .

[15]  D. Watson,et al.  Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. , 1991, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[16]  R. Larsen,et al.  Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. , 1992 .

[17]  P. Ekman.  Facial expression and emotion. , 1993, The American psychologist.

[18]  Edward R. Kemery,et al.  Confounding Constructs and Levels of Constructs in Affectivity Measurement: An Empirical Investigation , 1994 .

[19]  R. Plutchik.  The psychology and biology of emotion , 1994 .

[20]  David Watson,et al.  The PANAS-X manual for the positive and negative affect schedule , 1994 .

[21]  Herbert W. Marsh,et al.  Longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis: Common, time‐specific, item‐specific, and residual‐error components of variance , 1994 .

[22]  E. Diener,et al.  The personality structure of affect. , 1995 .

[23]  Boris Egloff,et al.  Relationships between time of day, day of the week, and positive mood: Exploring the role of the mood measure , 1995 .

[24]  B. Egloff,et al.  Repressive emotional discreteness after failure. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[25]  Carl-Walter Kohlmann,et al.  Untersuchungen mit einer deutschen Version der "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule" (PANAS). , 1996 .

[26]  D. Watson,et al.  Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: recurrent and emergent issues. , 1997, Journal of personality assessment.

[27]  M. Eid,et al.  Measuring Variability and Change With an Item Response Model for Polytomous Variables , 1998 .

[28]  B. Fredrickson,et al.  Positive Emotions Speed Recovery from the Cardiovascular Sequelae of Negative Emotions. , 1998, Cognition & emotion.

[29]  Boris Egloff,et al.  The independence of positive and negative affect depends on the affect measure , 1998 .

[30]  Susan R. Hutchinson,et al.  Behavior of descriptive fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis using ordered categorical data , 1998 .

[31]  Michael Eid,et al.  Latent state–trait theory and research in personality and individual differences , 1999 .

[32]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[33]  J. Vaidya,et al.  The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence , 1999 .

[34]  A. Grob,et al.  Dimensional models of core affect: a quantitative comparison by means of structural equation modeling , 2000 .

[35]  Richard E. Lucas,et al.  Factors influencing the relation between extraversion and pleasant affect. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[36]  M. Csíkszentmihályi,et al.  Positive psychology. An introduction. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[37]  Peter Salovey,et al.  Emotional states and physical health. , 2000 .

[38]  J. Moskowitz,et al.  Positive affect and the other side of coping. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[39]  D. Keltner,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Expressions of Positive Emotion in Women ' s College Yearbook Pictures and Their Relationship to Personality and Life Outcomes Across Adulthood , 2004 .

[40]  B. Fredrickson.  The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. , 2001, The American psychologist.

[41]  D. Keltner,et al.  Social functions of emotions. , 2001 .

[42]  S. Taylor,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder arising after road traffic collisions: patterns of response to cognitive-behavior therapy. , 2001, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[43]  G. Bonanno,et al.  Emotions : current issues and future directions , 2001 .

[44]  Kennon M. Sheldon,et al.  Why positive psychology is necessary. , 2001, The American psychologist.

[45]  W. Friesen,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Positive Emotions in Early Life and Longevity : Findings from the Nun Study , 2004 .

[46]  Lawrence R. Burns,et al.  The relationship between positive and negative affect in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule , 2002 .

[47]  Howard Berenbaum,et al.  Varieties of joy-related pleasurable activities and feelings , 2002 .

[48]  J. Gross,et al.  The social consequences of expressive suppression. , 2003, Emotion.