Evidence for a new paradigm for ultraviolet exposure: a universal schedule that is skin phototype independent

The Food and Drug Administration has published guidelines for manufacturer‐recommended exposure schedules for ultraviolet (UV) tanning, intended to limit acute and delayed damage from UV exposure. These guidelines recommend that exposure schedules be adjusted for skin phototype. However, it has been shown that the dose necessary to produce tanning is similar for phototypes 2–4.

[1]  H. Wulf,et al.  Minimal erythema dose and minimal melanogenesis dose relate better to objectively measured skin type than to Fitzpatricks skin type , 2010, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[2]  C. Goodman,et al.  Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health , 1988 .

[3]  V. Hearing,et al.  Human skin responses to UV radiation: pigment in the upper epidermis protects against DNA damage in the lower epidermis and facilitates apoptosis , 2005, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[4]  Sharon A Miller,et al.  UV‐induced DNA damage and melanin content in human skin differing in racial/ethnic origin , 2003, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[5]  T. Fitzpatrick.  The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. , 1988, Archives of dermatology.

[6]  M. Pathak,et al.  Photobiology of melanin pigmentation: dose/response of skin to sunlight and its contents. , 1983, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[7]  K. Wilhelm,et al.  Guidelines for measurement skin colour and erythema A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis * , 1996, Contact dermatitis.

[8]  Sergio G Coelho,et al.  Mechanisms of skin tanning in different racial/ethnic groups in response to ultraviolet radiation. , 2005, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[9]  Joshua Schulman,et al.  Indoor ultraviolet tanning and skin cancer: health risks and opportunities , 2009, Current opinion in oncology.

[10]  Reduction of the UV burden to indoor tanners through new exposure schedules: a pilot study , 2006, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[11]  A Fullerton.  Guidelines for measuremrnt of skin colour and erythema , 1996 .

[12]  N. Kollias,et al.  In vivo measurement of skin erythema and pigmentation: new means of implementation of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with a commercial instrument , 2008, The British journal of dermatology.

[13]  M. Caswell.  The kinetics of the tanning response to tanning bed exposures , 2000, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[14]  Philip H. Ramsey.  Nonparametric Statistical Methods , 1974, Technometrics.

[15]  V. Hearing,et al.  Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation and p53 production in human skin after repeated UV irradiation , 2008, Experimental dermatology.

[16]  R. Anderson,et al.  Cumulative effects of repeated subthreshold doses of ultraviolet radiation. , 1981, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[17]  R. Sayre,et al.  FDA-SUNLAMP RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM TIMER INTERVAL AND EXPOSURE SCHEDULE: CONSENSUS ISO/CIE DOSE EQUIVALENCE , 2011, Health physics.

[18]  H. Wulf,et al.  Skin pigmentation kinetics after UVB exposure. , 2008, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[19]  H. Wulf,et al.  Pigmentation after single and multiple UV-exposures depending on UV-spectrum , 2007, Archives of Dermatological Research.

[20]  Gwendolyn R. Goss,et al.  Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques , 2009 .

[21]  Henry F. Diaz,et al.  ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate changeThis article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. , 2001 .

[22]  C. Potten,et al.  Repeated ultraviolet exposure affords the same protection against DNA photodamage and erythema in human skin types II and IV but is associated with faster DNA repair in skin type IV. , 2002, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[23]  H. Wulf,et al.  A quantitative study of the melanogenic effect of multiple suberythemal doses of different ultraviolet radiation sources. , 1994, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[24]  E. Coups,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of indoor tanning among US adults. , 2008, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[25]  L. Roza,et al.  Solar-simulated skin adaptation and its effect on subsequent UV-induced epidermal DNA damage. , 2001, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[26]  J. Z. Beer,et al.  Dynamics of pigmentation induction by repeated ultraviolet exposures: dose, dose interval and ultraviolet spectrum dependence , 2008, The British journal of dermatology.