Catalytic inorganic membrane reactors: present experience and future opportunities

Abstract A membrane is commonly regarded as a barrier capable of being selectively permeated by some components of a mixture or, at least, of changing the composition of a fluid stream that flows through it due to a certain driving force (a pressure, concentration, or electric potential gradient). Permselectivity is thus considered as the most distinctive property of a membrane.

[1]  D. Eng,et al.  The catalytic and electrocatalytic coupling of methane over yttria-stabilized zirconia , 1991 .

[2]  K. Otsuka,et al.  Electrocatalytic synthesis of methyl formate and methylal from methanol on a platinum-bonded solid polymer electrolyte membrane , 1986 .

[3]  J. Falconer,et al.  Methanol—hydrogen separation by capillary condensation in inorganic membranes , 1991 .

[4]  T. M. Gür,et al.  A new class of oxygen selective chemically driven nonporous ceramic membranes. Part I. A-site doped perovskites , 1992 .

[5]  M. Anderson,et al.  Synthesis of porosity controlled ceramic membranes , 1991 .

[6]  H. Nagamoto,et al.  A REACTOR WITH CATALYTIC MEMBRANE PERMEATED BY HYDROGEN , 1985 .

[7]  R. Accorsi,et al.  Cermet Cathodes for High Temperature Water Electrolysis with Zirconia Cells , 1980 .

[8]  K. Mohan,et al.  Analysis of equilibrium shift in isothermal reactors with a permselective wall , 1988 .

[9]  V. Gryaznov Surface Catalytic Properties and Hydrogen Diffusion in Palladium Alloy Membranes* , 1986 .

[10]  J. N. Michaels,et al.  Kinetics of vapor-phase electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene , 1984 .

[11]  E. Cussler,et al.  Microporous membrane reactors , 1984 .

[12]  Haydn Chen,et al.  Deposition and characterization of thin electroless palladium films from newly developed baths , 1992 .

[13]  V. Gryaznov,et al.  Conversion of cyclohexene on a gold-plated palladium-nickel membrane catalyst , 1977 .

[14]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity: 1. The case of ethylene oxidation on Pt , 1989 .

[15]  T. Tsunoda,et al.  A solid electrolyte-aided study of propene oxidation on an MoO3–Bi2O3 catalyst , 1987 .

[16]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Reactions of methanol over catalytically active alumina membranes , 1991 .

[17]  H. Nagamoto,et al.  The Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene over a Palladium Membrane , 1986 .

[18]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Optimal catalyst activity distribution in pellets for selectivity maximization in triangular nonisothermal reaction systems: Application to cases of light olefin epoxidation , 1990 .

[19]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Oxygen semipermeable solid oxide membrane composites prepared by electrochemical vapor deposition , 1992 .

[20]  J. Goddard Further applications of carrier-mediated transport theory—A survey , 1977 .

[21]  A. Clearfield Role of ion exchange in solid-state chemistry , 1988 .

[22]  D. Biswas Deposition processes for films and coatings , 1986 .

[23]  T. M. Gür,et al.  Electrocatalytic synthesis of methane on stabilized zirconia from H2/CO2 mixtures , 1981 .

[24]  G. Gavalas,et al.  Deposition of H2-permselective SiO2 films , 1989 .

[25]  W. R. Moser,et al.  Permeation of Ethylbenzene and Hydrogen Through Untreated and Catalytically-Treated Alumina Membranes , 1990 .

[26]  M. Ermilova,et al.  Preparation and catalysis over palladium composite membranes , 1993 .

[27]  S. Agarwalla,et al.  Use of a membrane reactor to improve selectivity to intermediate products in consecutive catalytic reactions , 1992 .

[28]  M. Asaeda,et al.  Separation of alcohol/water gaseous mixtures by thin ceramic membrane. , 1986 .

[29]  J. A. Quinn,et al.  Phase-transfer catalysis in a membrane reactor , 1987 .

[30]  R. Huggins,et al.  Methane synthesis over transition-metal electrodes in a solid-state ionic cell. Technical report , 1986 .

[31]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Gas transport and separation with ceramic membranes. Part II: Synthesis and separation properties of microporous membranes , 1992 .

[32]  L. Beavis Oxygen Permeation through Silver , 1972 .

[33]  Constantinos G. Vayenas,et al.  Ammonia oxidation to nitric oxide in a solid electrolyte fuel cell , 1981 .

[34]  M. Misono,et al.  The Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexane by the Use of a Porous-glass Reactor , 1982 .

[35]  M. Stoukides,et al.  Electrochemical Modification of Ag ‐ MgO Catalyst Electrodes during Methane Oxidation , 1986 .

[36]  T. Tsunoda,et al.  Partial oxidation of propene by active oxygen generated electrochemically on gold through yttria-stabilized zirconia , 1986 .

[37]  M. Slin'ko,et al.  Selectivity in catalysis by hydrogen-porous membranes , 1981 .

[38]  J. Koresh,et al.  Molecular Sieve Carbon Permselective Membrane. Part I. Presentation of a New Device for Gas Mixture Separation , 1983 .

[39]  N. Sato,et al.  Membrane Reactor Using Microporous Glass-supported Thin Film of Palladium. Application to the Water Gas Shift Reaction , 1989 .

[40]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Reactions of methanol over alumina catalytically activ membranes modified by silver , 1991 .

[41]  T. Matsuda,et al.  Hydrogen permeable palladium-silver alloy membrane supported on porous ceramics , 1991 .

[42]  Yuen-Koh Kao,et al.  DIRECT OXIDATION OF ETHYLENE TO ACETALDEHYDE IN A HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE REACTOR , 1990 .

[43]  Selective oxidative coupling of methane with membrane reactor , 1992 .

[44]  C. A. Smolders,et al.  Selective removal of H2S from sour gas with microporous membranes. Part I. Application in a gas-liquid system , 1992 .

[45]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Synthesis of ceramic membranes , 1992 .

[46]  G. Belfort Membranes and bioreactors: a technical challenge in biotechnology. , 1989, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[47]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Optimal catalyst activity distribution and generalized effectiveness factors in pellets: Single reactions with arbitrary kinetics , 1987 .

[48]  L. A. Jarr,et al.  Application of Ceramic Membranes in Advanced Coal-based Power Generation Systems , 1990 .

[49]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  CVD of solid oxides in porous substrates for ceramic membrane modification , 1992 .

[50]  Thomas Graham,et al.  XVIII. On the absorption and dialytic separation of gases by colloid septa , 1866, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

[51]  Y. Shindo,et al.  Enhanced catalytic decomposition of HI by using a microporous membrane , 1984 .

[52]  H. Yokokawa,et al.  Production of hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide by means of selective diffusion membranes , 1981 .

[53]  Pd-based hydrogen diffusion membranes as catalysts in carbon monoxide hydrogenation , 1989 .

[54]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity 4. The use of $beta;$Prime;-Al2O3 as the solid electrolyte , 1991 .

[55]  B. Wood,et al.  The role of adsorbed hydrogen in the catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene , 1966 .

[56]  The effect of electrochemical oxygen pumping on the rate and selectivity of ethylene oxidation on polycrystalline silver , 1981 .

[57]  J. Keller,et al.  Optimal Catalyst Distribution in a Membrane , 1984 .

[58]  M. Morbidelli,et al.  Optimal catalyst activity profiles in pellets. 1. The case of negligible external mass transfer resistance , 1982 .

[59]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Gas separation mechanisms in microporous modified γ-al2o3 membranes , 1988 .

[60]  D. M. Mason,et al.  Electrocatalytic Reactivity of Hydrocarbons on a Zirconia Electrolyte Surface , 1986 .

[61]  R. G. Minet,et al.  A high temperature catalytic membrane reactor for ethane dehydrogenation , 1990 .

[62]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  High permselectivities of microporous silica-modifiedγ-alumina membranes , 1989 .

[63]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Gas transport and separation with ceramic membranes. Part I. Multilayer diffusion and capillary condensation , 1992 .

[64]  C. Campbell Model Cu/ZnO Catalysts for Water-Gas Shift and Methanol Synthesis Based on Single Crystals , 1988 .

[65]  C. A. Smolders,et al.  High-Temperature Membrane Reactor for Catalytic Gas-Solid Reactions , 1992 .

[66]  B. Wood Dehydrogenation of cyclohexane on a hydrogen-porous membrane , 1968 .

[67]  H. Nagamoto,et al.  Methane oxidation by oxygen transported through solid electrolyte , 1990 .

[68]  M. D. Exter,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of zeolite (MFI) membranes on porous ceramic supports , 1992 .

[69]  Bernard P. A. Grandjean,et al.  Simultaneous deposition of Pd and Ag on porous stainless steel by electroless plating , 1993 .

[70]  S. T. Hwang,et al.  Chapter III.3 Recent Development in Membrane Reactors , 1990 .

[71]  H. P. Hsieh,et al.  Inorganic Membrane Reactors , 1991 .

[72]  A. Bottino,et al.  Porous Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalytic membrane reactors prepared using mesitylene solvated Pt atoms , 1993 .

[73]  Paul K. T. Liu,et al.  Experimental Evaluation of Dehydrogenations Using Catalytic Membrane Processes , 1993 .

[74]  Shigeyuki Uemiya,et al.  Steam reforming of methane in a hydrogen-permeable membrane reactor , 1990 .

[75]  I. Yamanaka,et al.  Electrochemical enhancement of oxidative coupling of methane over LiCl-doped NiO using stabilized zirconia electrolyte , 1988 .

[76]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity 6. Ethylene epoxidation on Ag deposited on stabilized ZrO2 , 1992 .

[77]  D. Eng,et al.  Electrocatalytic Methane Dimerization with a Yb‐Doped SrCeO3 Solid Electrolyte , 1991 .

[78]  M. Stoukides,et al.  The Synthesis of Hydrogen Cyanide in a Solid Electrolyte Fuel Cell , 1987 .

[79]  F. Toda,et al.  Separation of water–alcohol mixtures by permeation through a zeolite membrane on porous glass , 1989 .

[80]  T. M. Gür,et al.  Decomposition of Nitric Oxide on Zirconia in a Solid‐State Electrochemical Cell , 1979 .

[81]  J. Armor,et al.  Catalysis with permselective inorganic membranes , 1989 .

[82]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Modelling and analysis of CVD processes in porous media for ceramic composite preparation , 1991 .

[83]  R. G. Minet,et al.  Packed bed catalytic membrane reactors , 1992 .

[84]  C. E. Megiris,et al.  Synthesis of hydrogen-permselective membranes by modified chemical vapor deposition. Microstructure and permselectivity of silica/carbon/Vycor membranes , 1992 .

[85]  Klaus‐Joachim Jens,et al.  Hydrogen acceptor and membrane concepts for direct methane conversion , 1989 .

[86]  H. Iwahara,et al.  High temperature-type proton conductive solid oxide fuel cells using various fuels , 1986 .

[87]  Ronald G. Minet,et al.  A high temperature catalytic membrane reactor for propane dehydrogenation , 1993 .

[88]  E. F. Sverdrup,et al.  Design of high-temperature solid-electrolyte fuel-cell batteries for maximum power output per unit volume , 1973 .

[89]  Johannes Schmitz,et al.  Steam reforming of natural gas with intergrated hydrogen separation for hydrogen production , 1987 .

[90]  T. Tsotsis,et al.  The Enhancement of Reaction Yield Through the Use of High Temperature Membrane Reactors , 1993 .

[91]  R. Govind,et al.  Studies on a Membrane Reactor , 1988 .

[92]  R. Zabransky,et al.  Internal reforming development for solid oxide fuel cells , 1990 .

[93]  N. Itoh,et al.  A membrane reactor using palladium , 1987 .

[94]  K. Otsuka,et al.  Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons and Water Gas Shift Reaction Through a Wall of Stabilized Zirconia Used as Hydrogen Separator , 1984 .

[95]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Electrocatalytic phenomena in gas phase reactions in solid electrolyte electrochemical cells , 1988 .

[96]  Kew-Ho Lee,et al.  The transport of condensible vapors through a microporous vycor glass membrane , 1986 .

[97]  W. C. Maskell,et al.  Solid state potentiometric oxygen gas sensors , 1986 .

[98]  F. Frusteri,et al.  Selective partial oxidation of light paraffins with hydrogen peroxide on thin-layer supported Nafion-H catalysts , 1992 .

[99]  K. Kusakabe,et al.  Equilibrium shift of dehydrogenation at short space-time with hollow fiber ceramic membrane , 1991 .

[100]  R. Govind,et al.  Development of a composite palladium membrane for selective hydrogen separation at high temperature , 1991 .

[101]  ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF ETHYLENE HYDRO-GENATION BY HYDROGEN PERMEATING PALLADIUM MEMBRANE , 1981 .

[102]  F. Suzuki,et al.  Preparation of alumina membrane by sol-gel method and its permeability characteristics. , 1986 .

[103]  A. Sammells,et al.  Methane Activation to C 2 Hydrocarbon Species in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell , 1988 .

[104]  J. Armor Challenges in Membrane Catalysis , 1993 .

[105]  R. G. Minet,et al.  The study of ethane dehydrogenation in a catalytic membrane reactor , 1992 .

[106]  Bernard P. A. Grandjean,et al.  Catalytic palladium‐based membrane reactors: A review , 1991 .

[107]  Patricio Reyes,et al.  React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. , 1974 .

[108]  C. Brinker,et al.  “Ultramicroporous” silica-based supported inorganic membranes , 1993 .

[109]  S. Neophytides,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity: 2. The case of methanol dehydrogenation and decomposition on Ag , 1989 .

[110]  K. Westerterp,et al.  Chemical reactor design and operation , 1983 .

[111]  S. Bebelis,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity in solid electrolyte cells , 1989 .

[112]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Gas and surface diffusion in modified γ-alumina systems , 1989 .

[113]  Wei-Chun Xu,et al.  Application of a membrane reactor system to thermal decomposition of CO2 , 1993 .

[114]  T. Okubo,et al.  Introduction of specific gas selectivity to porous glass membranes by treatment with tetraethoxysilane , 1989 .

[115]  Geert Versteeg,et al.  A non-permselective membrane reactor for chemical processes normally requiring strict stoichiometric feed rates of reactants , 1990 .

[116]  L. I. Kuznetsova,et al.  The liquid phase removal of no and H2S pollutants using membrane separation of the homogeneous catalyst , 1990 .

[117]  S. Pizzini,et al.  Gas phase electrocatalytic oxidation of SO2 by solid state electrochemical technique , 1979 .

[118]  R. Behling,et al.  Preparation and characterization of thin-film zeolite–PDMS composite membranes☆ , 1992 .

[119]  C. Lund,et al.  Membrane reactors for catalytic series and series-parallel reactions , 1993 .

[120]  J. H. Selverian,et al.  Ceramic-to-metal joints. I: Joint design , 1992 .

[121]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Cogeneration of Electric Energy and Nitric Oxide , 1980, Science.

[122]  Paul K. T. Liu,et al.  Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene to Styrene Using Commercial Ceramic Membranes as Reactors , 1990 .

[123]  T. Matsuda,et al.  Aromatization of Propane Assisted by Palladium Membrane Reactor , 1990 .

[124]  H. Iwahara,et al.  High-temperature C1-gas fuel cells using proton-conducting solid electrolytes , 1989 .

[125]  N. Sato,et al.  The water gas shift reaction assisted by a palladium membrane reactor , 1991 .

[126]  T. Uragami Chapter III.5 Functional Membranes for Separations Based on Reactions , 1990 .

[127]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity III. The case of methanol oxidation on Pt , 1991 .

[128]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Transient and Steady-State Vapor Phase Electrocatalytic Ethylene Epoxidation: Voltage, Electrode Surface Area, and Temperature Effects , 1982 .

[129]  D. Eng,et al.  Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Methane Oxidation with Solid Gxide Membranes , 1991 .

[130]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Ammonia High Temperature Solid Electrolyte Fuel Cell , 1980 .

[131]  S. Bebelis,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity , 1988 .

[132]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Synthesis of ceramic membranes , 1992 .

[133]  R. De Vos,et al.  The cross-flow catalyst reactor. An alternative for liquid phase hydrogenations , 1982 .

[134]  H. Yokokawa,et al.  Possibility for effective production of hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide by means of a porous Vycor glass membrane , 1981 .

[135]  D. F. Evans,et al.  Liquid membranes for separations and reactions , 1980 .

[136]  J. Baumard,et al.  Production of hydrogen by direct thermal decomposition of water: Preliminary investigations , 1982 .

[137]  V. P. Polyakova,et al.  Palladium alloys as hydrogen permeable catalysts in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions , 1983 .

[138]  K. Otsuka,et al.  Oxidative coupling of methane applying a solid oxide fuel cell system , 1990 .

[139]  B. Steele,et al.  Oxidation of methane in solid state electrochemical reactors , 1988 .

[140]  M. Anderson,et al.  Experimental studies of the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using a membrane reactor , 1993 .

[141]  Rakesh Govind,et al.  Analysis of a cocurrent membrane reactor , 1986 .

[142]  D. M. Mason,et al.  Electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons on a stabilized-zirconia electrolyte employing gold or platinum electrodes , 1981 .

[143]  Shihan Chen,et al.  A membrane reactor with two dispersion-free interfaces for homogeneous catalytic reactions , 1992 .

[144]  A. J. Burggraaf,et al.  Thermal stability and its improvement of the alumina membrane top-layers prepared by sol-gel methods , 1991 .

[145]  N. Sato,et al.  A Palladium/Porous-Glass Composite Membrane for Hydrogen Separation , 1988 .

[146]  N. Itoh,et al.  A MEMBRANE REACTOR USING MICROPOROUS GLASS FOR SHIFTING EQUILIBRIUM OF CYCLOHEXANE DEHYDROGENATION , 1988 .

[147]  R. Ruka,et al.  A Solid Electrolyte Fuel Cell , 1962 .

[148]  T. Etsell,et al.  Electrical properties of solid oxide electrolytes , 1970 .

[149]  W. A. Pledger,et al.  Thermolysis of hydrogen sulfide in a metal-membrane reactor , 1993 .

[150]  V. S. Smirnov,et al.  The Reactions of Hydrocarbons on Membrane Catalysts , 1974 .

[151]  M. Fuji,et al.  SEPARATION OF ALCOHOL/WATER GASEOUS MIXTURES BY AN IMPROVED CERAMIC MEMBRANE , 1986 .

[152]  S. G. Gul'yanova,et al.  The role of the adsorbed forms of hydrogen and oxygen in the reaction of oxygen-containing one-carbon molecules on membrane catalysts , 1989 .

[153]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Reactor studies using alumina separation membranes for the dehydrogenation of methanol and n-butane , 1991 .

[154]  C. Wagner Adsorbed Atomic Species as Intermediates in Heterogeneous Catalysis , 1970 .

[155]  CATALYST DISPERSION ON SUPPORTED ULTRAMICROPOROUS INORGANIC MEMBRANES USING DERIVATIZED SILYLATION AGENTS , 1993 .

[156]  P. Ratnasamy,et al.  Catalytic Aluminas: Surface Models and Characterization of Surface Sites , 1978 .

[157]  I. Koike,et al.  Promotion of the conversion of propane to aromatics by use of a palladium membrane , 1991 .

[158]  Philippe Cini,et al.  Experimental study of the tubular multiphase catalyst , 1991 .

[159]  Ken-ichi Okamoto,et al.  The Esterification of Oleic Acid with Ethanol Accompanied by Membrane Separation , 1987 .

[160]  James N. Michaels,et al.  A novel cross-flow design for solid-state electrochemical reactors , 1986 .

[161]  Glenn O. Mallory,et al.  Electroless plating : fundamentals and applications , 1990 .

[162]  N. Itoh,et al.  Studies on Palladium Membrane Reactor for Dehydrogenation Reaction , 1990 .

[163]  G. Gavalas,et al.  Catalytic isobutane dehydrogenation in a dense silica membrane reactor , 1993 .

[164]  M. Torres,et al.  Platinum/γ-Al2O3 catalytic membrane: preparation,morphological and catalytic characterizations , 1993 .

[165]  J. Baumard,et al.  Production of hydrogen by direct thermal decomposition of water with the aid of a semipermeable membrane , 1982 .

[166]  A. Burggraaf Stuijts memorial lecture 1991 : some new developments in ceramic science and technology , 1992 .

[167]  Yi-Ming Sun,et al.  A catalytic membrane reactor: its performance in comparison with other types of reactors , 1990 .

[168]  Shigeyuki Uemiya,et al.  Separation of hydrogen through palladium thin film supported on a porous glass tube , 1991 .

[169]  K. Otsuka,et al.  CATALYTIC ACTIVITY- AND SELECTIVITY-CONTROL FOR OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE BY OXYGEN-PUMPING THROUGH YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA , 1985 .

[170]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Electrocatalytic Rate Enhancement of Propylene Epoxidation on Porous Silver Electrodes Using a Zirconia Oxygen Pump , 1984 .

[172]  S. Konishi,et al.  Preliminary Design of a Fusion Reactor Fuel Cleanup System By The Palladium-Alloy Membrane Method , 1983 .

[173]  Noboru Kubo,et al.  Dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene in a palladium membrane reactor , 1993 .

[174]  R. Mao,et al.  Enhancement of the aromatizing activity of ZSM-5 zeolite induced by hydrogen back-spillover : Aromatizing the outstream gases of a propane steam-cracker☆ , 1989 .

[175]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Dependence of catalytic rates on catalyst work function , 1990, Nature.

[176]  Joseph Haggin Membranes Play Growing Role In Small-Scale Industrial Processing , 1988 .

[177]  S. Bebelis,et al.  Study of the NEMCA effect in a single-pellet catalytic reactor , 1992 .

[178]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Modification of Catalytic Activity: Partial Oxidation of C2H4 On Ag And CH3OH On Pt , 1990 .

[179]  C. Vayenas,et al.  The effect of electrochemical oxygen pumping on the steady-state and oscillatory behavior of CO oxidation on polycrystalline Pt , 1988 .

[180]  G. W. Parshall,et al.  Reverse osmosis in homogeneous catalysis , 1977 .

[181]  H. Iwahara,et al.  High Temperature Solid Electrolyte Fuel Cells Using Perovskite‐Type Oxide Based on BaCeO3 , 1990 .

[182]  R. Grasselli,et al.  Oxidative dehydrodimerization of propylene over a Bi2O3La2O2 oxide ion-conductive catalyst , 1986 .

[183]  Douglas J. Clark,et al.  Separation of oxygen by using zirconia solid electrolyte membranes , 1992 .

[184]  Said S.E.H. Elnashaie,et al.  A fluidized bed membrane reactor for the steam reforming of methane , 1991 .

[185]  C. Guizard,et al.  The sol-gel approach to prepare candidate microporous inorganic membranes for membrane reactors , 1993 .

[186]  Yi-Ming Sun,et al.  Catalytic membrane for simultaneous chemical reaction and separation applied to a dehydrogenation reaction , 1988 .

[187]  R. Huggins,et al.  Methane Synthesis on Nickel by a Solid-State Ionic Method , 1983, Science.

[188]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity: A status report , 1992 .

[189]  Evaluation of palladium-impregnation on the performance of a Vycor glass catalytic membrane reactor , 1992 .

[190]  J. Kim,et al.  Supported liquid‐phase catalytic membrane reactor–separator for homogeneous catalysis , 1991 .

[191]  G. Versteeg,et al.  A catalytically active membrane reactor for fast, exothermic, heterogeneously catalysed reactions , 1992 .

[192]  J. N. Michaels,et al.  Styrene Production from Ethylbenzene on Platinum in a Zirconia Electrochemical Reactor , 1984 .

[193]  K. Kusakabe,et al.  Preparation of a sol-gel derived thin membrane on a porous ceramic hollow fiber by the filtration technique , 1991 .

[194]  B. Wood,et al.  Hydrogenation of alkenes on gold , 1971 .