Anatolian Civilization Following the Disintegration of the Hittite Empire: An Archaeological Appraisal

L'auteur montre quelles sont les raisons probables de la chute de l'empire Hittite, au 13eme siecle av. J.-C.. Selon lui, ce sont en premier lieu des problemes internes, economiques (telle la secheresse directement responsable des problemes de production de cereales), ou militaires (besoins defensifs a toutes les frontieres devant les poussees etrangeres) qui sont responsable de cette desintegration. Puis sont intervenues les invasions telle celle des Peuples de la Mer. A la suite de la chute de l'Empire, il semble que le gouvernement d'Hattusa ait tente de reformer une structure politique a Karkamis (Carchemish), refletant une eventuelle coexistence avec les populatons nouvellement installees.

[1]  J. Pritchard Egyptian Historical Texts , 1955, The Ancient Near East.

[2]  B. Trigger,et al.  Centuries of Darkness. , 1994 .

[3]  M. Sørensen,et al.  The Bronze Age-Iron Age Transition in Europe , 1990 .

[4]  Keith Devries The Gordion Excavation Seasons of 1969–1973 and Subsequent Research , 1990, American Journal of Archaeology.

[5]  T. Bryce AHHIYAWANS AND MYCENAEANS – AN ANATOLIAN VIEWPOINT , 1989 .

[6]  J. Hawkins Kuzi-Tešub and the “Great Kings” of Karkamiš , 1988, Anatolian Studies.

[7]  G. K. Sams THE EARLY PHRYGIAN PERIOD AT GORDION: TOWARD A CULTURAL IDENTITY , 1988, Source: Notes in the History of Art.

[8]  E. Bloedow The Trojan War and Late Helladic III C , 1988 .

[9]  Machteld J. Mellink,et al.  Porsuk I, la céramique de l'âge du bronze et de l'âge du fer@@@Porsuk I, la ceramique de l'age du bronze et de l'age du fer , 1987 .

[10]  J. Neumann,et al.  Climatic Change and the Eleventh-Tenth-Century Eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia , 1987, Journal of Near Eastern Studies.

[11]  I. Singer The Battle of Niḫriya and the End of the Hittite Empire , 1985 .

[12]  H. G. Güterbock The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 1. The Ahhiyawa Problem Reconsidered , 1983, American Journal of Archaeology.

[13]  M. Mellink The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 2. Archaeological Comments on Ahhiyawa-Achaians in Western Anatolia , 1983, American Journal of Archaeology.

[14]  I. Singer Takuhlinu and Haya: Two Governors in the Ugarit Letter from Tel Aphek , 1983 .

[15]  F. Schachermeyr Die Levante im Zeitalter der Wanderungen vom 13. bis zum 11. Jahrhundert v. Chr , 1983 .

[16]  S. Deger-Jalkotzy Griechenland, die Ägäis und die Levante während der "Dark Ages" vom 12. bis zum 9. Jh. v. CHR. : Akten des Symposions von Stift Zwettl (NÖ), 11.-14. Oktober 1980 , 1983 .

[17]  B. Weiss The decline of Late Bronze Age civilization as a possible response to climatic change , 1982 .

[18]  H. A. Hoffner The Milawata Letter Augmented and Reinterpreted in Vorträge gehalten auf der 28. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10. Juli 1981. , 1982 .

[19]  H. Catling,et al.  ‘Barbarian’ Pottery from the Mycenaean Settlement at the Menelaion, Sparta , 1981, The Annual of the British School at Athens.

[20]  P. Halstead,et al.  Excavations at Assiros, 1975–9: A Settlement Site in Central Macedonia and Its Significance for the Prehistory of South-East Europe , 1980, The Annual of the British School at Athens.

[21]  W. Stiebing The End of the Mycenean Age , 1980, The Biblical Archaeologist.

[22]  J. Yakar Recent Contributions to the Historical Geography of the Hittite Empire , 1980 .

[23]  N. Sandars Sea Peoples , 1978 .

[24]  Elizabeth French,et al.  The Handmade Burnished Ware of the Late Helladic IIIC Period: Its Modern Historical Context , 1977, American Journal of Archaeology.

[25]  J. Yakar Hittite Involvement in Western Anatolia , 1976, Anatolian Studies.

[26]  J. Yakar,et al.  The survival of ancient traditions in the popular architecture of North Central Turkey , 1976 .

[27]  Elizabeth French A Reassessment of the Mycenaean Pottery at Tarsus , 1975, Anatolian Studies.

[28]  A. Goetze THE HITTITES AND SYRIA (1300-1200 B.C.) , 1975 .

[29]  J. Rutter Ceramic Evidence for Northern Intruders in Southern Greece at the Beginning of the Late Helladic IIIC Period , 1975, American Journal of Archaeology.

[30]  J. Yakar,et al.  Remarks on the Historical Geography of North-Central Anatolia during the Pre-Hittite and Hittite Periods , 1974 .

[31]  H. Lamb,et al.  Drought and the decline of Mycenae , 1974, Antiquity.

[32]  M. V. Loon The Excavations at Korucutepe, Turkey, 1968-70: Preliminary Report. Part I: Architecture and General Finds , 1973 .

[33]  H. Goedicke,et al.  The sea peoples , 1969 .

[34]  E. V. Schuler Die Kaškäer : ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie des alten Kleinasien , 1965 .

[35]  H. Z. Koşay,et al.  Pulur kazısı : 1960 mevsimi çalışmaları raporu = Die Ausgrabungen von Pulur : Bericht über die Kampagne von 1960. ; , 1964 .

[36]  O. Gurney,et al.  The geography of the Hittite Empire , 1960 .

[37]  Lucy T. Shoe,et al.  Troy : excavations conducted by the University of Cincinnati, 1932-1938 , 1952 .

[38]  D. D. Luckenbill Ancient records of Assyria and Babylonia , 1927 .