Microwave Imaging under Oblique Illumination

Microwave imaging based on inverse scattering problem has been attracting many interests in the microwave society. Among some major technical challenges, the ill-posed, multi-dimensional inversion algorithm and the complicated measurement setup are critical ones that prevent it from practical applications. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the performance of the subspace-based optimization method (SOM) for two-dimensional objects when it was applied to a setup designed for oblique incidence. Analytical, simulation, and experimental results show that, for 2D objects, neglecting the cross-polarization scattering will not cause a notable loss of information. Our method can be potentially used in practical imaging applications for 2D-like objects, such as human limbs.

[1]  R. Rojas.  Scattering by an inhomogeneous dielectric/ferrite cylinder of arbitrary cross-section shape-oblique incidence case , 1988 .

[2]  E.C. Fear,et al.  Tissue Sensing Adaptive Radar for Breast Cancer Detection—Experimental Investigation of Simple Tumor Models , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[3]  Xudong Chen,et al.  Subspace-based optimization method for reconstructing extended scatterers: transverse electric case. , 2009, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[4]  Xudong Chen,et al.  Simultaneous Reconstruction of Dielectric and Perfectly Conducting Scatterers Via $T$-Matrix Method , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[5]  C. Curtis,et al.  Microwave Breast Imaging With a Monostatic Radar-Based System: A Study of Application to Patients , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[6]  Matteo Pastorino,et al.  Numerical electromagnetic inverse-scattering solutions for two-dimensional infinite dielectric cylinders buried in a lossy half-space , 1993 .

[7]  Xudong Chen,et al.  An Improved Subspace-Based Optimization Method and Its Implementation in Solving Three-Dimensional Inverse Problems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[8]  Ram M. Narayanan,et al.  A Portable Real-Time Digital Noise Radar System for Through-the-Wall Imaging , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[9]  Barry D. Van Veen,et al.  A TSVD Analysis of Microwave Inverse Scattering for Breast Imaging , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[10]  Lorenzo Crocco,et al.  An Algebraic Solution Method for Nonlinear Inverse Scattering , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[11]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction of objects buried in layered media using Born and distorted Born iterative methods , 2004, IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett..

[12]  Xudong Chen,et al.  An FFT Twofold Subspace-Based Optimization Method for Solving Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[13]  J. Richmond.  Scattering by a dielectric cylinder of arbitrary cross section shape , 1965 .

[14]  G. Panariello,et al.  Scattering by Polygonal Cross-Section Dielectric Cylinders at Oblique Incidence , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[15]  Lorenzo Crocco,et al.  Inverse Scattering Via Virtual Experiments and Contrast Source Regularization , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[16]  Paul M. Meaney,et al.  A clinical prototype for active microwave imaging of the breast , 2000 .

[17]  P. M. Berg,et al.  Imaging of biomedical data using a multiplicative regularized contrast source inversion method , 2002 .

[18]  C. Eyraud,et al.  Free space experimental scattering database continuation: experimental set-up and measurement precision , 2005 .

[19]  Weng Cho Chew,et al.  Inverse scattering of Hz waves using local shape‐function imaging: A T‐matrix formulation , 1994, Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol..

[20]  S. Pistorius,et al.  The University of Manitoba Microwave Imaging Repository: A Two-Dimensional Microwave Scattering Database for Testing Inversion and Calibration Algorithms [Measurements Corner] , 2011, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[21]  Lara Pajewski,et al.  CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF GROUND PENETRATING RADAR , 2013 .

[22]  Shireen D. Geimer,et al.  Clinical Microwave Tomographic Imaging of the Calcaneus: A First-in-Human Case Study of Two Subjects , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[23]  Ching-Chuan Su,et al.  Calculation of electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric cylinder using the conjugate gradient method and FFT , 1987 .

[24]  Hervé Tortel,et al.  On the Calibration of a Multistatic Scattering Matrix Measured by a Fixed Circular Array of Antennas , 2010 .

[25]  J. Lovetri,et al.  Comparison of TE and TM Inversions in the Framework of the Gauss-Newton Method , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[26]  Joe LoVetri,et al.  A 3-D Dual-Polarized Near-Field Microwave Imaging System , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[27]  T. Isernia,et al.  Improved Sampling Methods for Shape Reconstruction of 3-D Buried Targets , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[28]  Xudong Chen,et al.  Twofold subspace-based optimization method for solving inverse scattering problems , 2009 .

[29]  Tie Jun Cui,et al.  Inverse scattering method for one-dimensional inhomogeneous lossy medium by using a microwave networking technique , 1995 .

[30]  Thomas E. Hall,et al.  Three-dimensional millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapon detection , 2001 .

[31]  Chien-Ching Chiu,et al.  TIME DOMAIN INVERSE SCATTERING OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENOUS DIELECTRIC OBJECT WITH ARBITRARY SHAPE BY PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION , 2008 .

[32]  T. Rubaek,et al.  Computational Validation of a 3-D Microwave Imaging System for Breast-Cancer Screening , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[33]  Shireen D. Geimer,et al.  Quantification of 3-D field effects during 2-D microwave imaging , 2002, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[34]  W. Chew,et al.  Reconstruction of two-dimensional permittivity distribution using the distorted Born iterative method. , 1990, IEEE transactions on medical imaging.

[35]  Yean-Woei Kiang,et al.  Inverse scattering of dielectric cylinders by a cascaded TE-TM method , 1999 .

[36]  K. Agarwal,et al.  Subspace-Based Optimization Method for Reconstructing Perfectly Electric Conductors , 2010 .

[37]  Zhong Qing Zhang,et al.  Active microwave imaging. I. 2-D forward and inverse scattering methods , 2002 .

[38]  M. Pastorino.  Stochastic Optimization Methods Applied to Microwave Imaging: A Review , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[39]  Evert Slob,et al.  GPR Imaging Via Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , 2015 .

[40]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Microwave Imaging in Layered Media: 3-D Image Reconstruction From Experimental Data , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[41]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Through-wall imaging (TWI) by radar: 2-D tomographic results and analyses , 2005, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[42]  Ahmad Hoorfar,et al.  Three-Dimensional Real-Time Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging With Diffraction Tomographic Algorithm , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[43]  P. M. Berg,et al.  A contrast source inversion method , 1997 .

[44]  L. Shafai,et al.  A Near-Field Dual Polarized (TE–TM) Microwave Imaging System , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[45]  James R. Wait.  SCATTERING OF A PLANE WAVE FROM A CIRCULAR DIELECTRIC CYLINDER AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE , 1955 .

[46]  Francesco Soldovieri,et al.  A Multiarray Tomographic Approach for Through-Wall Imaging , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[47]  Puyan Mojabi,et al.  Enhancement of Gauss–Newton Inversion Method for Biological Tissue Imaging , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[48]  A. Preece,et al.  Microwave Radar-Based Breast Cancer Detection: Imaging in Inhomogeneous Breast Phantoms , 2009, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[49]  B. Fischer,et al.  The University of Manitoba Microwave Imaging Repository: A Two-Dimensional Microwave Scattering Database for Testing Inversion and Calibration Algorithms , 2011 .

[50]  P. M. van den Berg,et al.  "Blind" shape reconstruction from experimental data , 1995 .

[51]  J. Geffrin,et al.  Plane Wave and Gaussian Beam Scattering by Long Dielectric Cylinders: 2.5D Simulations versus Measurements , 2008 .

[52]  Lixin Ran,et al.  Inverse Scattering Problems of Reconstructing Perfectly Electric Conductors With TE Illumination , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[53]  Lixin Ran,et al.  Multiplicative-Regularized FFT Twofold Subspace-Based Optimization Method for Inverse Scattering Problems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[54]  Xudong Chen,et al.  Subspace-Based Optimization Method for Solving Inverse-Scattering Problems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[55]  Yimin Zhang,et al.  Three-Dimensional Wideband Beamforming for Imaging Through a Single Wall , 2008, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[56]  Francesco Soldovieri,et al.  Imaging of 3D magnetic targets from multiview multistatic GPR data , 2010, Proceedings of the XIII Internarional Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar.