Free Space Optic and mmWave Communications: Technologies, Challenges and Applications

SUMMARY Increasing demand in data-traffic has been addressed over the last few years. It is expected that the data-traffic will present the significant part of the total backbone traffic. Accordingly, much more transmission systems will be required to support this growth. A free space optic (FSO) communication is the greatest promising technology supporting high-speed and high-capacity transport networks. It can support multi Gbit/ s for few kilometers transmission distance. The benefits of an FSO system are widespread, low cost, flexibility, immunity to electromagnetic field, fast deployment, security, etc. However, it suffers from some drawbacks, which limit the deployment of FSO links. The main drawback in FSO is the degradation in the signal quality because of atmospheric channel impairments. In addition, it is high sensitive for illumination noise coming from external sources such as sun and lighting systems. It is more benefit that FSO and mmWave are operating as a complementary solution that is known as hybrid FSO/ mmWave links. Whereas the mmWave is susceptible to heavy rain conditions and oxygen absorption, while fog has no particular effect. This paper will help to better understand the FSO and mmWave technologies and applications operating under various atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, in order to improve the system performance and availability, several modulation schemes will be discussed. In

[1]  D. Varoutas,et al.  Weather effects on FSO network connectivity , 2012, IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking.

[2]  Michail Matthaiou,et al.  Diversity Combining in Hybrid RF/FSO Systems with PSK Modulation , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[3]  Joseph M. Kahn,et al.  Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[4]  A. Majumdar.  Advanced Free Space Optics (FSO): A Systems Approach , 2014 .

[5]  Yi Tang,et al.  Link Adaptation for Throughput Optimization of Parallel Channels with Application to Hybrid FSO/RF Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[6]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Digital pulse interval modulation for optical communications , 1998 .

[7]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmWave) for 5G: opportunities and challenges , 2015, Wireless Networks.

[8]  Anh T. Pham,et al.  Performance analysis of parallel FSO/MMW systems with adaptive rate under weather effects , 2015, 2015 21st Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC).

[9]  Edward W. Knightly,et al.  IEEE 802.11ad: directional 60 GHz communication for multi-Gigabit-per-second Wi-Fi [Invited Paper] , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[10]  Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus,et al.  Optical Wireless Communications: IR for Wireless Connectivity , 2008 .

[11]  Xiongwen Zhao,et al.  Feasibility Study of E-band mm-Wave for Gigabit point-to-point Wireless Communications , 2013 .

[12]  Erich Leitgeb,et al.  Feasibility assessment of optical technologies for reliable high capacity feeder links , 2013 .

[13]  S. Kartalopoulos.  Free Space Optical Networks for Ultra-Broad Band Services: Kartalopoulos/Free Space Optical Networks , 2011 .

[14]  E. Leitgeb,et al.  Five years analysis of a free space optics link in Graz , 2012, 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP).

[15]  E. Leitgeb,et al.  Channel modeling for terrestrial free space optical links , 2005, Proceedings of 2005 7th International Conference Transparent Optical Networks, 2005..

[16]  Gorazd Kandus,et al.  Comparing the fog effects on hybrid network using optical wireless and GHz links , 2008, 2008 6th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing.

[17]  Michail Matthaiou,et al.  Hybrid millimeter-wave systems: a novel paradigm for hetnets , 2015, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[18]  Murat Uysal,et al.  Survey on Free Space Optical Communication: A Communication Theory Perspective , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[19]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Digital pulse interval modulation for optical free space communication links , 1996 .

[20]  I. Djordjevic.  Adaptive Modulation and Coding for Free-Space Optical Channels , 2010, IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking.

[21]  S. Muhammad,et al.  Performance of BPSK Subcarrier Intensity Modulation Free-Space Optical Communications using a Log-normal Atmospheric Turbulence Model , 2010, 2010 Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics.

[22]  Moumita Mukherjee,et al.  Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Semiconductor Devices Circuits and Systems , 2010 .

[23]  E. Leitgeb,et al.  Combination of Free Space Optics (FSO) and RF for different wireless application scenarios , 2015, 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[24]  Julian Cheng,et al.  Optical Communication Using Subcarrier Intensity Modulation in Strong Atmospheric Turbulence , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[25]  A. Willner,et al.  Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing , 2012, Nature Photonics.

[26]  Steve Hranilovic,et al.  Wireless optical communication systems , 2004 .

[27]  Lingyang Song,et al.  Multi-gigabit millimeter wave wireless communications for 5G: from fixed access to cellular networks , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[28]  Eric J. Korevaar,et al.  Understanding the performance of free-space optics [Invited] , 2003 .

[29]  Nan Guo,et al.  60-GHz Millimeter-Wave Radio: Principle, Technology, and New Results , 2007, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[30]  Per Ligander,et al.  Long term path attenuation measurement of the 71–76 GHz band in a 70/80 GHz microwave link , 2010, Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation.

[31]  Zhaocheng Wang,et al.  Millimeter Wave Communication Systems: Huang/Millimeter Wave Communication System , 2011 .

[32]  Theresa H. Carbonneau,et al.  Opportunities and challenges for optical wireless: the competitive advantage of free space telecommunications links in today's crowded marketplace , 1998, Other Conferences.

[33]  Cyril C. Renaud,et al.  TeraHertz Photonics for Wireless Communications , 2015, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[34]  Gorazd Kandus,et al.  Weather effects on hybrid FSO/RF communication link , 2009, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[35]  Tokumaru Michiko.  Millimeter-Wave Communication Systems , 2009 .

[36]  R. Redington.  Elements of infrared technology: Generation, transmission and detection , 1962 .

[37]  Isaac I. Kim,et al.  Comparison of laser beam propagation at 785 nm and 1550 nm in fog and haze for optical wireless communications , 2001, SPIE Optics East.

[38]  Donald A. Parsons,et al.  The relation of raindrop-size to intensity , 1943 .

[39]  Jinlong Zhang.  Modulation analysis for outdoors applications of optical wireless communications , 2000, WCC 2000 - ICCT 2000. 2000 International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings (Cat. No.00EX420).

[40]  Ting Wang,et al.  100 Gb/s per-channel free-space optical transmission with coherent detection and MIMO processing , 2009, 2009 35th European Conference on Optical Communication.

[41]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB® , 2012 .

[42]  George K. Karagiannidis,et al.  FSO Links with Spatial Diversity over Strong Atmospheric Turbulence Channels , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[43]  Hervé Sizun,et al.  Fog attenuation prediction for optical and infrared waves , 2004 .

[44]  Erich Leitgeb,et al.  Analytical expression of FSO link misalignments considering Gaussian beam , 2013, Proceedings of the 2013 18th European Conference on Network and Optical Communications & 2013 8th Conference on Optical Cabling and Infrastructure (NOC-OC&I).

[45]  Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos,et al.  Free Space Optical Networks for Ultra-Broad Band Services , 2011 .

[46]  Erich Leitgeb,et al.  High availability of hybrid wireless networks , 2004, SPIE Photonics Europe.

[47]  Erich Leitgeb,et al.  Ethernet access network based on free-space optic deployment technology , 2004, SPIE LASE.