Basic Electrocardiography: Normal and Abnormal ECG Patterns

Foreword. 1 Introduction. 2 Usefulness And Limitations Of Electrocardiography. 3 Electrophysiological principles. The origin of ECG morphology. 4 ECG machines: how to perform and interpret ECG. 5 Normal ECG Characteristics . Heart rate. Rhythm. PR interval and segment. QT interval. P wave. QRS complex. ST segment and T wave. Assessment of the QRS electrical axis in a frontal plane. Rotations of the heart. Electrocardiographic changes with age. 6 Electrocardiographic Diagnostic Criteria. 7 Atrial Abnormalities. Right atrial enlargement. Left atrial enlargement. Biatrial enlargement. Interatrial block. 8 Ventricular Enlargement. Right ventricular enlargement. Electrocardiographic signs of right acute overload. Left ventricular enlargement. Biventricular enlargement. 9 Ventricular Blocks. Complete right bundle-branch block (RBBB). Partial right bundle branch block. Complete left bundle-branch block (LBBB). Partial left bundle-branch block. Zonal (divisional) left ventricular block. Bifascicular blocks. Trifascicular blocks. 10 Ventricular Preexcitation. WPW type preexcitation. Short PR -type preexcitation. 11 Electrocardiographic Pattern of Ischaemia, Injury and Necrosis. Anatomic introduction. Electrophysiological introduction. Electrocardiographic pattern of ischaemia. Electrocardiographic pattern of injury. Electrocardiographic pattern of necrosis. 12 Miscellaneous. Value of ECG in special conditions. ECG pattern of poor prognosis. ECG of Electrical alternans. Self-assessment. References. Index

[1]  A. Goldberger,et al.  Myocardial Infarction: Electrocardiographic Differential Diagnosis , 1976 .

[2]  山地 博介.  Prediction of acute left main coronary artery obstruction by 12-lead electrocardiography : ST segment elevation in lead aVR with less ST segment elevation in lead V1 , 2002 .

[3]  P. Poole‐Wilson,et al.  The pathologic basis of Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[4]  G S Wagner,et al.  Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries) Investigators. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[5]  J. Brugada,et al.  The Brugada Syndrome , 2004, Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy.

[6]  Arthur J Moss.  A renaissance in electrocardiography. , 2004, Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc.

[7]  Galen S Wagner,et al.  Clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients with combined anterior and inferior ST-segment elevation on the initial electrocardiogram during acute myocardial infarction. , 2003, American heart journal.

[8]  G. Wagner,et al.  Early electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm. GUSTO-I investigators. , 1996, The American journal of cardiology.

[9]  F. Carreras,et al.  Evolving Myocardial Infarction with ST Elevation: Anatomic Considerations Regarding the Correlation between the Site of Occlusion and Injured Segments of the Heart , 2004, Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc.

[10]  W. Zareba,et al.  New Criteria Based on ST Changes in 12‐Lead Surface ECG to Detect Proximal versus Distal Right Coronary Artery Occlusion in a Case of Acute Inferoposterior Myocardial Infarction , 2004, Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc.

[11]  O. Pahlm,et al.  Moving toward a new definition of acute myocardial infarction for the 21st century: status of the ESC/ACC consensus conference. European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology. , 2000, Journal of electrocardiology.

[12]  Y. Birnbaum,et al.  Electrocardiogram risk stratification of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. , 2006, Journal of Electrocardiology.

[13]  L. Schamroth.  The electrocardiology of coronary artery disease , 1975 .

[14]  Arthur Grishman.  L'activité électrique auriculaire: Normale et pathologique , 1959 .

[15]  F. Carreras,et al.  Holter ECG study of the electrocardiographic phenomena in Prinzmetal angina attacks with emphasis on the study of ventricular arrhythmias. , 1985, Journal of electrocardiology.

[16]  Heini Huhtala,et al.  ST‐Depression with Negative T Waves in Leads V4–V5—A Marker of Severe Coronary Artery Disease in Non‐ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Prospective Study of Angina at Rest, with Troponin, Clinical, Electrocardiographic, and Angiographic Correlation , 2004, Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc.

[17]  Wojciech Zareba,et al.  Long QT Syndrome. , 1992, Current problems in cardiology.

[18]  Paul D. White,et al.  Bundle‐Branch Block with Short P‐R Interval in Healthy Young People Prone to Paroxysmal Tachycardia , 1930 .

[19]  Richard D. White,et al.  Quantitative clinical assessment of chronic anterior myocardial infarction with delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and QRS scoring. , 2003, American heart journal.

[20]  M. Robson,et al.  VIABILITY Anteroseptal or Apical Myocardial Infarction : A Controversy Addressed Using Delayed Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging # , 2004 .

[21]  M. Cerqueira,et al.  Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association , 2002, The international journal of cardiovascular imaging.

[22]  Arjun D. Sharma,et al.  An Algorithm for the Electrocardiographic Localization of Accessory Pathways in the Wolff‐Parkinson‐White Syndrome , 1987, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[23]  A. Moss,et al.  Q-wave versus non-Q wave myocardial infarction: a meaningless distinction. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[24]  A. Bayés‐Genís,et al.  Third-degree inter-atrial block and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. , 1999, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[25]  G S Wagner,et al.  Prognostic significance of the initial electrocardiogram in patients with acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries. , 1998, JAMA.

[26]  G S Wagner,et al.  The Selvester QRS scoring system for estimating myocardial infarct size. The development and application of the system. , 1985, Archives of internal medicine.

[27]  H. Wellens,et al.  The ECG in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina , 2002, Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine.

[28]  F. J. Fricker,et al.  Echocardiographic and Hemodynamic Correlation in Transposition of the Great Arteries , 1978, Circulation.

[29]  R. P. Grant.  Clinical electrocardiography : the spatial vector approach , 1957 .

[30]  M. A. Kaplan,et al.  Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. , 1969, The American journal of cardiology.

[31]  P. Bogaty,et al.  Is anteroseptal myocardial infarction an appropriate term? , 2002, The American journal of medicine.

[32]  G. Wagner.  Marriott's Practical Electrocardiography , 1994 .

[33]  M. Das,et al.  Significance of a Fragmented QRS Complex Versus a Q Wave in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease , 2006, Circulation.

[34]  F. Carreras,et al.  Concordance of electrocardiographic patterns and healed myocardial infarction location detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[35]  F. Carreras,et al.  Utility of contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CE-CMR) to assess how likely is an infarct to produce a typical ECG pattern. , 2006, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[36]  A. Bayés de Luna,et al.  Study of the Evolution of Masked Bifascicular Block , 1988, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[37]  B. Surawicz.  Relationship between electrocardiogram and electrolytes. , 1967, American heart journal.