The Effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development on the Writing Performance of Second-Grade Students With Behavioral and Writing Difficulties

The effects of a secondary academic intervention, embedded in the context of a positive behavior support model, on the writing of second-grade students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorder and writing problems were examined in this study. Students were taught how to plan and draft a story using the self-regulated strategy development model. Results of this multiple-probe design revealed lasting improvements in story completeness, length, and quality for all 6 students. Students and teachers rated the intervention favorably, with some indicating that the intervention exceeded their expectations. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

[1]  Susan Taylor-Greene,et al.  Durable Implementation of School-Wide Behavior Support , 2000 .

[2]  Mary Adkins Self-Regulated Strategy Development and Generalization Instruction: Effects on Story Writing Among Second and Third Grade Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 2005 .

[3]  J. Hayes,et al.  On the nature of planning in writing. , 1996 .

[4]  S. Graham Handwriting and Spelling Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities: A Review , 1999 .

[5]  L. Cremin,et al.  READING, WRITING, AND LITERACY , 1975 .

[6]  I. Sigel,et al.  HANDBOOK OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY , 2006 .

[7]  Steve Graham,et al.  Strategy Instruction and the Teaching of Writing: A Meta-Analysis. , 2006 .

[8]  K. Lane,et al.  A School-Wide Intervention with Primary and Secondary Levels of Support for Elementary Students: Outcomes and Considerations. , 2003 .

[9]  J. Wehby,et al.  Reading Instruction for Elementary-Age Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Academic and Behavioral Outcomes , 2005 .

[10]  D. McCutchen Cognitive Factors in the Development of Children's Writing. , 2006 .

[11]  Teaching Self‐management Strategies for Independent Story Writing to Children with Classroom Behaviour Difficulties , 1985 .

[12]  R. Freedle New directions in discourse processing , 1980 .

[13]  P. Greenbaum,et al.  National Adolescent and Child Treatment Study (NACTS) , 1996 .

[14]  F. Gresham,et al.  Antisocial behavior in school : evidence-based practices , 2004 .

[15]  K. Lane,et al.  Functional Assessment Research on Students with or at Risk for EBD , 1999 .

[16]  Kathleen Lynne Lane,et al.  Academic Achievement of K-12 Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 2004 .

[17]  Catherine A. Snyder Book Review: Taking Part: Introducing Social Skills to Children , 1993 .

[18]  S. Warschausky,et al.  WISC-III index growth curve characteristics following traumatic brain injury. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Third Edition. , 1999, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[19]  Bernardo de la Trinidad [Motivation in education. I]. , 1966, ANEC.

[20]  Joseph C. Witt,et al.  Teacher judgments concerning the acceptability of school-based interventions. , 1985 .

[21]  Torri Ortiz Lienemann,et al.  Self-Regulated Strategy Development for Written Expression with Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , 2006 .

[22]  J. Smyth,et al.  Written emotional expression: effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. , 1998, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[23]  S. Hooper,et al.  Three-year course of learning disorders in special education students classified as behavioral disorder. , 2002, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[24]  K. Lane,et al.  Student Risk Screening Scale , 2008 .

[25]  S. Graham,et al.  Primary grade teachers' instructional adaptations for struggling writers: A national survey , 2003 .

[26]  Timothy J. Lewis,et al.  Reducing Problem Behavior through a School-Wide System of Effective Behavioral Support: Investigation of a School-Wide Social Skills Training Program and Contextual Interventions. , 1998 .

[27]  R. T. Kellogg The Psychology of Writing , 1994 .

[28]  Todd V. Fletcher,et al.  Paraprofessional-Led Phonological Awareness Training With Youngsters at Risk for Reading and Behavioral Concerns , 2007 .

[29]  Frank M. Gresham,et al.  Children Placed at Risk for Learning and Behavioral Difficulties , 2003 .

[30]  N. Stein,et al.  An Analysis of Story Comprehension in Elementary School Children: A Test of a Schema. , 1975 .

[31]  A. Kazdin,et al.  Problem-solving skills training and relationship therapy in the treatment of antisocial child behavior. , 1987, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[32]  S. Graham,et al.  Students with learning disabilities and the process of writing: A meta-analysis of SRSD studies. , 2003 .

[33]  Maribeth Gettinger,et al.  Advances in school psychology , 1981 .

[34]  Edward L. Spitznagel,et al.  Enrollment Predictors of the Special Education Outcome for Students with SED , 1998 .

[35]  S. Graham,et al.  Improving the Writing, Knowledge, and Motivation of Struggling Young Writers: Effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development With and Without Peer Support , 2006 .

[36]  Stephen Graham,et al.  Explicitly Teaching Strategies, Skills, and Knowledge: Writing Instruction in Middle School Classrooms. , 2002 .

[37]  N. Zigmond Twenty-Four Months After High School , 2006 .

[38]  Kathleen Lynne Lane,et al.  Young Students At Risk for Antisocial Behavior: The Utility of Academic and Social Skills Interventions , 1999 .

[39]  F. Gresham,et al.  The Efficacy of Phonological Awareness Training with First-Grade Students Who Have Behavior Problems and Reading Difficulties , 2001 .

[40]  K. Lane,et al.  An Examination of School-Wide Interventions with Primary Level Efforts Conducted in Secondary Schools: Methodological Considerations , 2006 .

[41]  J. Sattler Assessment of children, 3rd ed. , 1988 .

[42]  Steven W. Lee Encyclopedia of school psychology , 2005 .

[43]  Terrance M. Scott,et al.  The Effects of Reading Fluency Instruction on the Academic and Behavioral Success of Middle School Students in a Self-Contained EBD Classroom , 2002 .

[44]  Bruce Saddler,et al.  Preventing Writing Difficulties: The Effects of Planning Strategy Instruction on the Writing Performance of Struggling Writers , 2004 .

[45]  Charles A. MacArthur,et al.  Handbook of Writing Research , 2005 .

[46]  K. Lane,et al.  Early Literacy Instruction for First-Grade Students At-Risk for Antisocial Behavior. , 2002 .

[47]  S. Graham,et al.  Teaching Writing Strategies to Young Students Struggling with Writing and at Risk for Behavioral Disorders: Self-Regulated Strategy Development , 2006 .

[48]  Terrance M. Scott A Schoolwide Example of Positive Behavioral Support , 2001 .

[49]  Steve Graham,et al.  Improving the Writing Performance of Struggling Writers in Second Grade , 2006 .

[50]  K. Lane,et al.  Academic, Social, and Behavioral Profiles of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Educated in Self-Contained Classrooms and Self-Contained Schools: Part I—Are They More Alike than Different? , 2005 .

[51]  S. Graham,et al.  Improving the writing performance, knowledge, and self-efficacy of struggling young writers: The effects of self-regulated strategy development , 2005 .

[52]  M. Wagner,et al.  How Are We Preparing Students With Emotional Disturbances for the Transition to Young Adulthood? , 2006 .

[53]  Karen R. Harris,et al.  Making the Writing Process Work : Strategies for Composition and Self-Regulation , 1999 .

[54]  P. Alexander,et al.  A Perspective on Strategy Research: Progress and Prospects , 1998 .

[55]  M. Maehr Advances in Motivation and Achievement , 1991 .

[56]  K. Lane,et al.  Self-Determination Skills and Opportunities of Transition-Age Youth with Emotional Disturbance and Learning Disabilities , 2006 .

[57]  Vicky G. Spencer,et al.  Content Area Learning in Middle School Social Studies Classrooms and Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: A Comparison of Strategies , 2003 .

[58]  D. Kamps,et al.  Prevention Strategies for At-Risk Students and Students with EBD in Urban Elementary Schools , 1999 .

[59]  D M Baer,et al.  Some still-current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. , 1987, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[60]  L. Agate Investigation of Primary Grade Writing Instruction , 2005 .

[61]  C. Michael Levy,et al.  The Science of Writing : Theories, Methods, Individual Differences and Applications , 1996 .

[62]  Gary Grobe Syntactic Maturity, Mechanics, and Vocabulary as Predictors of Quality Ratings. , 1981 .

[63]  S. Ball Motivation in Education , 1977 .

[64]  James G. Shriner,et al.  Self-regulated strategy development instruction for writing an opinion essay: Effects for six students with emotional/behavior disorders , 2008 .

[65]  S. R. Mathur,et al.  Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders , 2004 .

[66]  R. West,et al.  Teaching Behaviorally Disordered Adolescents to Use Self-Management Skills for Improving the Completeness, Accuracy, and Neatness of Creative Writing Homework Assignments , 1990 .

[67]  M. Wolery,et al.  The Use of Single-Subject Research to Identify Evidence-Based Practice in Special Education , 2005 .

[68]  Jim Rose,et al.  Curriculum organisation and classroom practice in primary schools : a discussion paper , 1992 .

[69]  F. Gresham,et al.  Interventions for Children With or At-Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 2001 .

[70]  G. Heath Writing , 1971, Veterinary Record.

[71]  Elizabeth A. Clarke,et al.  A Systemic Counseling Approach to the Problem of Bullying. , 1997 .

[72]  S. Graham,et al.  Components analysis of cognitive strategy instruction: Effects on learning disabled students' compositions and self-efficacy. , 1989 .

[73]  R. Bangert-Drowns,et al.  The Effects of School-Based Writing-to-Learn Interventions on Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis , 2004 .

[74]  Jeffrey Ditterline Social Skills Rating System , 2008 .

[75]  H. Pennypacker,et al.  Strategies and tactics of behavioral research, 2nd ed. , 1993 .