Investigating the Effect of Dimercaprol on Phytoremediation of L ead by Zea mays, Helianthus annuus, Sinapis arvensis

Phytoremediation is a cleansing technique for soils, which uses the ability of metal accumulator plants to extract metal from polluted soil with their roots and to concentrate these metals in above-ground plant parts and the metalaccumulating plant material, can be securely harvested and removed from the site without the extensive excavation [1-8]. Lead (Pb) is potential pollutants that readily accumulate in soils and sediments. Apart from natural disasters such as volcano, lead contamination of the environment has resulted from industrial activities such as mining and smelting processes, agricultural activities such as application of insecticide and municipal sewage and sludge, paint, batteries, and other material [9]. Eventually, Pb transfers to the food chain and accumulates in the body of humans and endangers their health [10]. The Pb-contaminated soils are difficult to remediate with natural phytoremediation that employs hyperaccumulators, because natural hyperaccumulator plants species generally exhibit slow growth and low biomass making the remediation process effective over a long time [11]. In order to overcome such drawbacks, the use of highbiomass producing crop plants such as corn (Zea mays), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and mustard (Sinapis arvensis) with a chemically enhanced method has been proposed as a viable strategy to eliminate metals from soils in a reasonable time frame [12-15]. In order to enhance the accessibility of Pb in soil solution and its translocation from root to shoot, application of some chelating agents such as ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetrinitrilopentaacetic acid (DTPA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS) and Dimercaprol have been proposed by various workers [12, 16-21]. Dimercaprol or British anti-Lewisite (BAL), which was developed as an antidote for lewisite, is used medically in treatment of arsenic, mercury, gold, lead, antimony, and other toxic metal poisoning. BAL is an efficient chelator [21-23] and its probable to have a good potential to increase the concentration of various metal specially lead in above ground plant tissues. The aim of present experiment was to study the effects of different concentration of Pb and BAL on phytoextraction potentiality of lead in artificial contaminated soil, to increase transfer of Pb from contaminated soil to above ground parts in corn (Zea mays), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and mustard (Sinapis arvensis). Efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms by which cells react when exposed to exogenous metals. Proteomics is an important tool for elucidating the role of various proteins in stress tolerance and adaptation. Proteomics provides direct information of the dynamic protein expression in tissues or whole cells, thus making global analysis possible. Owing to the significant accomplishments of genomics and bioinformatics, systematic analysis of all expressed cellular components Application of plants to remove heavy metals from soil (phytoremediation) is expanding due to its cost-effectiveness as compared to conventional methods and it has shown a great potential. Since contaminants such as Pb have a limited bioavailability in the soil, methods to facilitate their translocation to the shoots and roots of plants are required for efficient phytoremediation. The present pots experiment were to investigate the effect of Dimercaprol chelator with different concentration (0, 1.5, 3 mmol Dimercaprol chelator kg-1) and also different ranges of Pb (100, 200 mg Pb kg-1) and a control group, on the amount of Pb accumulation, by corn (Zea mays), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and mustard (Sinapis arvensis). The results showed that the amount of Pb accumulation increased as the Pb concentration was increased. Also the results of this experiment showed that the addition of Dimercaprol chelator is most likely to increase the bioavailability of Pb and consequently the accumulation of this heavy metal in the shoots. The highest accumulation of Pb was noticed with the highest does of Dimercaprol chelator (3 mmol Dimercaprol chelator kg-1) and Pb (200 mg Pb kg-1) in the shoots of Helianthus annuus.

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