Introducing passive matched field acoustic tomography

In acoustic tomography sea-basin environmental parameters such as temperature profiles and current-velocities are derived, when ray propagation models are adopted, by the travel time estimates relative to the identifiable ray paths. The transmitted signals are either single frequency, or impulsive, or intermittent and deterministic. When the wavelength is comparable with the scale lengths present in the propagation scenario, Matched Field Tomography (MFT) is used, entailing the consideration of waveguide modes instead of rays. A new concept in tomography is introduced in the paper, that employs passively the noise emitted by ships of opportunity (cargoes, ferries) as source signals. The passive technique is acoustic-pollution-free, and if a basin is selected in which a regular ship traffic occurs data can be received on a regular schedule, with no transmission cost. A novel array pre-processor for passive tomography is introduced, such that the signal structure at the pre-processor output is nearly the same as that obtainable in the case of single-frequency source signals. Hence, at the pre-processor output all the tomographic inversion methods valid for active tomography employing single-frequency sources can be applied. The differences between active and passive tomography are pointed out and the potential of passive techniques is illustrated by simple propagation scenarios adopting either rays or waveguide modes.