An overview on understanding the main factors involved in colon cancer and its treatment

Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer related death after breast and lung cancer, in both male and female. Along with individual’s lifestyle, diet and genetics are the main factors which cause proliferation of colon cells and can lead to colon cancer. Colon cancer is mainly caused by mutation or methylation of tumor suppressor genes which results in un-controlled proliferation of cells and hence cancer. Diet plays very important role in both mutations and methylation of tumor suppressor genes so these conditions can be reversed or improved by balanced diet. In addition, certain diets also have role in cancer prevention through their anti-oxidant activity and some even induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Diets such as fruits, legumes, cereals, fish oil, olive oil, vitamin E supplements and probiotics etc. are gaining importance with respect to their therapeutic potential in cancer patients. Moreover, according to some reports, exercise also greatly reduces the risk of colon cancer. The present study highlights the symptoms, causes, treatment and ways to prevent colon cancer.

[1]  J. Steinberger,et al.  Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer with a History of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. , 2015, Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

[2]  Tzeng-Ji Chen,et al.  Increased risk of gastrointestinal malignancy in patients with diabetes mellitus and correlations with anti-diabetes drugs: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. , 2013, Internal medicine.

[3]  M. Woodward,et al.  Behavioural and metabolic risk factors for mortality from colon and rectum cancer: analysis of data from the Asia-Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. , 2013, Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP.

[4]  C. Pichard,et al.  Colon cancer cell chemosensitisation by fish oil emulsion involves apoptotic mitochondria pathway , 2012, British Journal of Nutrition.

[5]  G. Mantovani,et al.  Managing Cancer-Related Anorexia/Cachexia , 2012, Drugs.

[6]  Tzou-Yien Lin,et al.  Oral inoculation of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM suppresses tumour growth both in segmental orthotopic colon cancer and extra-intestinal tissue , 2011, British Journal of Nutrition.

[7]  B. Aggarwal,et al.  γ-Tocotrienol induces growth arrest through a novel pathway with TGFβ2 in prostate cancer. , 2011, Free radical biology & medicine.

[8]  W. Ajiki,et al.  Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2005: based on data from 12 population-based cancer registries in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project. , 2011, Japanese journal of clinical oncology.

[9]  K. Kang,et al.  Docosahexaenoic Acid Induces Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo via Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Caspase 8 Activation , 2010, PloS one.

[10]  R. Labianca,et al.  Colon cancer. , 2010, Critical reviews in oncology/hematology.

[11]  S. Huerta,et al.  Apoptosis-inducing factor and colon cancer. , 2009, The Journal of surgical research.

[12]  C. Gerhäuser,et al.  Cancer Chemopreventive Potential of Apples, Apple Juice, and Apple Components , 2008 .

[13]  Yun-Ching Chang,et al.  Chemoinhibitory effect of mulberry anthocyanins on melanoma metastasis involved in the Ras/PI3K pathway. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[14]  H. Daniel,et al.  Antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of maslinic and oleanolic acids, two pentacyclic triterpenes from olives, on HT-29 colon cancer cells , 2008, British Journal of Nutrition.

[15]  E. Kampman,et al.  High folic acid increases cell turnover and lowers differentiation and iron content in human HT29 colon cancer cells , 2007, British Journal of Nutrition.

[16]  C. Pichard,et al.  Effect of an immunonutrient mix on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell growth and viability. , 2007, Nutrition.

[17]  Sonia Ramos,et al.  Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. , 2007, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[18]  H. Hass,et al.  Studies on p53, BAX and Bcl-2 protein expression and microsatellite instability in stage III (UICC) colon cancer treated by adjuvant chemotherapy: major prognostic impact of proapoptotic BAX , 2007, British Journal of Cancer.

[19]  M. Roberfroid.  Inulin-type fructans: functional food ingredients. , 2004, The Journal of nutrition.

[20]  Tae Myoung Kim,et al.  Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis via inactivation of NF-kappaB by a sulfurcompound isolated from garlic in human colon cancer cells. , 2007, Journal of pharmacological sciences.

[21]  G. Jan,et al.  Acidic extracellular pH shifts colorectal cancer cell death from apoptosis to necrosis upon exposure to propionate and acetate, major end-products of the human probiotic propionibacteria , 2007, Apoptosis.

[22]  J. Kiefer,et al.  Mixtures of SCFA, composed according to physiologically available concentrations in the gut lumen, modulate histone acetylation in human HT29 colon cancer cells , 2006, British Journal of Nutrition.

[23]  H. Daniel,et al.  Olive fruit extracts inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. , 2006, The Journal of nutrition.

[24]  J. Gustafsson,et al.  Role of estrogen receptor β in colonic epithelium , 2006 .

[25]  Neal J Meropol,et al.  Targeting signal transduction pathways in colorectal cancer--more than skin deep. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[26]  F. Clavel-Chapelon,et al.  Is the Association with Fiber from Foods in Colorectal Cancer Confounded by Folate Intake? , 2005, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[27]  J. Reynolds,et al.  P53 abnormalities and outcomes in colorectal cancer: a systematic review , 2005, British Journal of Cancer.

[28]  G. Botti,et al.  Inhibitory effects of anti-CXCR4 antibodies on human colon cancer cells , 2005, Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.

[29]  E. Rimm,et al.  Dietary patterns and risk of colon cancer and adenoma in a cohort of men (United States) , 2004, Cancer Causes & Control.

[30]  R. Goodlad,et al.  Both suboptimal and elevated vitamin intake increase intestinal neoplasia and alter crypt fission in the ApcMin/+ mouse. , 2004, Carcinogenesis.

[31]  L. Vassilev,et al.  In Vivo Activation of the p53 Pathway by Small-Molecule Antagonists of MDM2 , 2004, Science.

[32]  H. Daniel,et al.  Ascorbic acid suppresses drug-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by scavenging mitochondrial superoxide anions. , 2003, Carcinogenesis.

[33]  J. Manson,et al.  Physical activity and risk of colon cancer: the Physicians‘ Health Study (United States) , 1997, Cancer Causes & Control.

[34]  D. Whynes,et al.  Symptoms before and after surgery for colorectal cancer , 2004, Quality of Life Research.

[35]  M. Longnecker,et al.  Eating frequency—a neglected risk factor for colon cancer? , 2004, Cancer Causes & Control.

[36]  I. Rowland,et al.  Butyrate is only one of several growth inhibitors produced during gut flora-mediated fermentation of dietary fibre sources , 2003, British Journal of Nutrition.

[37]  Young-In Kim.  Role of folate in colon cancer development and progression. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[38]  J. Portugal.  Chartreusin, elsamicin A and related anti-cancer antibiotics. , 2003, Current medicinal chemistry. Anti-cancer agents.

[39]  C. Plass,et al.  SLC5A8, a sodium transporter, is a tumor suppressor gene silenced by methylation in human colon aberrant crypt foci and cancers , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  C. Harris,et al.  Radical causes of cancer , 2003, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[41]  D. Forman,et al.  Cancer prevalence in the UK: results from the EUROPREVAL study. , 2003, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[42]  W. El-Deiry,et al.  Restoring p53-Dependent Tumor Suppression , 2003, Cancer biology & therapy.

[43]  J. Coebergh,et al.  Cancer prevalence in Central Europe: the EUROPREVAL Study. , 2003, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[44]  J. Li,et al.  Effects of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid on human colon carcinoma cell line HCT15. , 2002, World journal of gastroenterology.

[45]  A. Fields,et al.  Protein kinase C (cid:2) II and TGF (cid:2) RII in (cid:3) -3 fatty acid– mediated inhibition of colon carcinogenesis , 2002 .

[46]  L. Gu,et al.  Involvement of DNA mismatch repair in folate deficiency-induced apoptosis small star, filled. , 2002, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[47]  B. Hinnebusch,et al.  The effects of short-chain fatty acids on human colon cancer cell phenotype are associated with histone hyperacetylation. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[48]  C. Plass,et al.  HLTF gene silencing in human colon cancer , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[49]  Galina Selivanova,et al.  Restoration of the tumor suppressor function to mutant p53 by a low-molecular-weight compound , 2002, Nature Medicine.

[50]  P. Marks,et al.  Histone deacetylases and cancer: causes and therapies , 2001, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[51]  Eun-Joung Moon,et al.  Histone deacetylases induce angiogenesis by negative regulation of tumor suppressor genes , 2001, Nature Medicine.

[52]  B. Hinnebusch,et al.  Transient vs. prolonged histone hyperacetylation: effects on colon cancer cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[53]  A. Stoll,et al.  Inhibitory effects of omega-3 fatty acids on protein kinase C activity in vitro , 2001, Molecular Psychiatry.

[54]  E. Fuchs,et al.  Hyperproliferation and Defects in Epithelial Polarity upon Conditional Ablation of α-Catenin in Skin , 2001, Cell.

[55]  J. Lutterbaugh,et al.  Detection of aberrantly methylated hMLH1 promoter DNA in the serum of patients with microsatellite unstable colon cancer. , 2001, Cancer research.

[56]  I. Rowland,et al.  Effect of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and inulin on the formation of aberrant crypt foci in rats , 2001, European journal of nutrition.

[57]  J W Arends,et al.  Molecular interactions in the Vogelstein model of colorectal carcinoma , 2000, The Journal of pathology.

[58]  J. Herman,et al.  Gene promoter hypermethylation in tumors and serum of head and neck cancer patients. , 2000, Cancer research.

[59]  K. Erickson,et al.  Probiotic immunomodulation in health and disease. , 2000, The Journal of nutrition.

[60]  C. Nord,et al.  Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in human health. , 2000, Drugs under experimental and clinical research.

[61]  S. Markowitz,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of inactivation of TGF-beta receptors during carcinogenesis. , 2000, Cytokine & growth factor reviews.

[62]  B. Foster,et al.  Pharmacological rescue of mutant p53 conformation and function. , 1999, Science.

[63]  D. Cohen,et al.  Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Selectively Alters the Activity and Expression of Cell Cycle Proteins Leading to Specific Chromatin Acetylation and Antiproliferative Effects* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[64]  J. Issa,et al.  Aging, DNA methylation and cancer. , 1999, Critical reviews in oncology/hematology.

[65]  Hiroki Inui,et al.  Mutations of a novel human RAD54 homologue, RAD54B, in primary cancer , 1999, Oncogene.

[66]  A. Fields,et al.  Overexpression of Protein Kinase C βII Induces Colonic Hyperproliferation and Increased Sensitivity to Colon Carcinogenesis , 1999, The Journal of cell biology.

[67]  I. Johnson,et al.  Dietary n-3 PUFA increases the apoptotic response to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, reduces mitosis and suppresses the induction of carcinogenesis in the rat colon. , 1999, Carcinogenesis.

[68]  N. Ravin.  Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[69]  A. Bakalinsky,et al.  Bacteria used for the production of yogurt inactivate carcinogens and prevent DNA damage in the colon of rats. , 1999, The Journal of nutrition.

[70]  E. Pennisi.  How a Growth Control Path Takes a Wrong Turn to Cancer , 1998, Science.

[71]  L. Kasturi,et al.  Biallelic inactivation of hMLH1 by epigenetic gene silencing, a novel mechanism causing human MSI cancers. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[72]  E. Jacobs,et al.  Constipation, Laxative Use, and Colon Cancer among Middle‐Aged Adults , 1998, Epidemiology.

[73]  J. Herman,et al.  Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[74]  H. Lassmann,et al.  Targeted inactivation of plectin reveals essential function in maintaining the integrity of skin, muscle, and heart cytoarchitecture. , 1997, Genes & development.

[75]  M. Bertagnolli,et al.  Colon Cancer Prevention: Intervening in a Multistage Process , 1997, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

[76]  J. Herman,et al.  Association between CpG island methylation and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. , 1997, Cancer research.

[77]  H. Kwon,et al.  Trichostatin A induces morphological changes and gelsolin expression by inhibiting histone deacetylase in human carcinoma cell lines. , 1994, Experimental cell research.

[78]  P. Gibson,et al.  Butyrate production from dietary fibre and protection against large bowel cancer in a rat model. , 1993, Gut.

[79]  B. Sternfeld,et al.  Cancer and the protective effect of physical activity: the epidemiological evidence. , 1992, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[80]  J. Woodgett,et al.  Differential regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta by protein kinase C isotypes. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[81]  O. Holian,et al.  Action of long-chain fatty acids on protein kinase C activity: comparison of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. , 1992, Anticancer research.

[82]  R. Doll.  The lessons of life: keynote address to the nutrition and cancer conference. , 1992, Cancer research.

[83]  G. J. Oettle.  Effect of moderate exercise on bowel habit. , 1991, Gut.

[84]  B. Trock,et al.  Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: critical review and meta-analyses of the epidemiologic evidence. , 1990, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[85]  E. E. Gresch.  Genetic Alterations During Colorectal-Tumor Development , 1989 .

[86]  R. Hemingway.  Structural Variations in Proanthocyanidins and Their Derivatives , 1989 .

[87]  F. DeRubertis,et al.  Role of activation of protein kinase C in the stimulation of colonic epithelial proliferation by unsaturated fatty acids. , 1988, Gastroenterology.

[88]  E. Wynder,et al.  International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon, and per capita food consumption. , 1986, Cancer.