Adaptive FEM computation of forming processes—Application to porous and non‐porous materials

This paper presents the ‘flow formulation’ approach applicable to both compressible and incompressible forming analysis. Appropriate error estimates and adaptive remeshing schemes are described for updated co-ordinate analysis. Several numerical examples are given. These are backward-forward extrusion and thermally coupled extrusion of pore-free materials, followed by cylinder upsetting, and tapered die extrusion of porous materials. The simulation of the deformation is shown as well as the distribution of effective strain and density at different time stages. The procedures are automatic and are incorporated in a general purpose code FEMMETA.