SPERM PREDOMINANCE AMONG DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA KARYOTYPES

Female Drosophila store sperm after mating and utilize them to fertilize eggs as they are laid. Often a female mates with a second male while sperm from the first mate still remain in her sperm storage organs. Parker (1970) defined sperm competition as the interaction between, and differential utilization of, sperm from separate ejaculates. When multiple matings occur, a male can increase the number of offspring he fathers-his fitnessin two major ways (Boorman and Parker, 1976): by increasing the proportion of eggs he fertilizes when he is the first mate (P1); or by increasing the proportion when he is the second mate (P2). Both are adaptations which increase the fertility component of fitness in multiple matings. In Drosophila and some other insects, sperm from the last mate usually predominate in fertilization (Boorman and Parker, 1976). This preponderance has been termed sperm displacement or sperm predominance. The term sperm predominance seems preferable for Drosophila, since a physical displacement of previously stored sperm has yet to be demonstrated (Gromko et al., in press). Sperm predominance differs in an important way from some related phenomena, such as sperm preference (Childress and Hartl, 1972) and meiotic drive (Sandler and Novitski, 1957). These other phenomena involve selection directly on haploid gametes, while sperm predominance involves selection on diploid male genotypes. Prout and Bundgaard (1977) derived a

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