Biomimetic-based odor and taste sensing systems to food quality and safety characterization: An overview on basic principles and recent achievements

The appreciation of food is based on the perception of many senses; in fact for a total estimation the human senses are involved. Biomimetics as the ‘abstraction of good design from nature’ is to analyze and tap nature’s huge reservoir of potential innovative solutions. These biological solutions are cost-efficient, multi-functional and environmentally friendly. Human sense inspired sensor technologies such as multi arrays of sensors are of interest to food industry for food control and sensory evaluation. These systems mimic the human sense to provide a decision on final food quality and safety. Nanotechnology techniques and biosensors are the recent advances in these systems. Odor and taste sensors are interestingly under consideration to food engineers and scientist for application in food processing tasks such as drying, packaging, sorting and so on. Soft computing together with computer development is the promising outlook to enhance the performance of these sensing systems to food quality and safety characterization. This paper deals with some aspects of such systems (odor sensor and taste sensor) and some of more recent applications and advances for food control in food research and technology are discussed as well.

[1]  A. Dybko,et al.  Potentiometric electronic tongue based on integrated array of microelectrodes , 2007 .

[2]  Chew-Cheen Chang,et al.  Disposable E-Tongue for the Assessment of Water Quality in Fish Tanks , 2008, Sensors.

[3]  Richard H. C. Bonser,et al.  Technology trajectories, innovation, and the growth of biomimetics , 2007 .

[4]  K. H. Low.  Preface: Why biomimetics? , 2009 .

[5]  Luiz H. C. Mattoso,et al.  A Taste Sensor Array Based on Polyaniline Nanofibers for Orange Juice Quality Assessment , 2009 .

[6]  Daniel Cozzolino,et al.  Classification of Tempranillo wines according to geographic origin: combination of mass spectrometry based electronic nose and chemometrics. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[7]  Yoseph Bar-Cohen,et al.  Biomimetics : Biologically Inspired Technologies , 2011 .

[8]  Hong Men,et al.  Biomimetic Electronic Tongue for Classification of Mineral Water , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation.

[9]  Patrycja Ciosek,et al.  Polyurethane Membranes Used in Integrated Electronic Tongue for the Recognition of Tea and Herbal Products , 2009 .

[10]  Ramón Martínez-Máñez,et al.  An electronic tongue for qualitative and quantitative analyses of anions in natural waters , 2009 .

[11]  Stanislaw Osowski,et al.  Differential electronic nose of two chemo sensor arrays for odor discrimination , 2010 .

[12]  Simona Benedetti,et al.  Electronic nose as a non-destructive tool to characterise peach cultivars and to monitor their ripening stage during shelf-life , 2008 .

[13]  Ricard Boqué,et al.  Use of synthetic wine for models transfer in wine analysis by HS-MS e-nose , 2010 .

[14]  Jun Wang,et al.  Predictions of acidity, soluble solids and firmness of pear using electronic nose technique , 2008 .

[15]  Silvia Coradeschi,et al.  Odour classification system for continuous monitoring applications , 2009 .

[16]  Marco A. Riva,et al.  Influence of an osmotic pre-treatment on structure-property relationships of air-dehydrated tomato slices , 2008 .

[17]  J. Marques,et al.  Evaluation of the feasibility of the electronic tongue as a rapid analytical tool for wine age prediction and quantification of the organic acids and phenolic compounds. The case-study of Madeira wine. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[18]  Paolo Oliveri,et al.  Development of a voltammetric electronic tongue for discrimination of edible oils , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[19]  Cristhian Durán,et al.  Electronic Nose for Quality Control of Colombian Coffee Through the Detection of Defects in “Cup Tests” , 2009 .

[20]  John Alderman,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of a miniaturized planar voltammetric sensor array for use in an electronic tongue , 2009 .

[21]  Alphus D. Wilson,et al.  Applications and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies , 2009, Sensors.

[22]  R. Martínez‐Máñez,et al.  Prediction of NaCl, nitrate and nitrite contents in minced meat by using a voltammetric electronic tongue and an impedimetric sensor , 2010 .

[23]  Hans Reinhard,et al.  Citrus juice classification by SPME-GC-MS and electronic nose measurements , 2008 .

[24]  Jiewen Zhao,et al.  Determination of caffeine content and main catechins contents in green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) using taste sensor technique and multivariate calibration. , 2010 .

[25]  P. Skládal,et al.  State of the Art in the Field of Electronic and Bioelectronic Tongues – Towards the Analysis of Wines , 2009 .

[26]  Eric Chanie,et al.  Shelf life determination by electronic nose: application to milk , 2005 .

[27]  Yubin Lan,et al.  Rapid identification of rice samples using an electronic nose , 2009 .

[28]  Sandro M. Goñi,et al.  Geometric modelling of heterogeneous and complex foods , 2010 .

[29]  Changsheng Xie,et al.  Spoiling and formaldehyde-containing detections in octopus with an E-nose , 2009 .

[30]  L Franzetti,et al.  Evaluation and predictive modeling of shelf life of minced beef stored in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging at different temperatures. , 2010, Meat science.

[31]  Eduard Llobet,et al.  An electronic nose system based on a micro-machined gas sensor array to assess the freshness of sardines , 2009 .

[32]  Lorenzo Cerretani,et al.  Metal oxide semiconductor sensors for monitoring of oxidative status evolution and sensory analysis of virgin olive oils with different phenolic content , 2009 .

[33]  Roberto Muñoz,et al.  Wavelet neural networks to resolve the overlapping signal in the voltammetric determination of phenolic compounds. , 2008, Talanta.

[34]  Alisa Rudnitskaya,et al.  Assessment of bitterness intensity and suppression effects using an Electronic Tongue , 2009 .

[35]  T. Paixão,et al.  Fabrication of disposable voltammetric electronic tongues by using Prussian Blue films electrodeposited onto CD-R gold surfaces and recognition of milk adulteration , 2009 .

[36]  Y. Ni,et al.  Does chemometrics enhance the performance of electroanalysis? , 2008, Analytica chimica acta.

[37]  Sara Limbo,et al.  Shelf life evaluation of fresh-cut pineapple by using an electronic nose. , 2010 .

[38]  Zhenfeng Li,et al.  Real-time, volatile-detection-assisted control for microwave drying , 2009 .

[39]  Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna,et al.  Pattern analysis for machine olfaction: a review , 2002 .

[40]  Kevin L. Goodner,et al.  The dangers of creating false classifications due to noise in electronic nose and similar multivariate analyses , 2001 .

[41]  F. Toldrá,et al.  Freshness monitoring of sea bream (Sparus aurata) with a potentiometric sensor. , 2008, Food chemistry.

[42]  G Pioggia,et al.  Assessment of bioinspired models for pattern recognition in biomimetic systems , 2008, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[43]  Maryam Siadat,et al.  Classification and Discrimination of Different Tunisian Water Samples Using an Electronic Tongue , 2009 .

[44]  B. Nicolai,et al.  Analysis of tomato taste using two types of electronic tongues , 2008 .

[45]  Jun Wang,et al.  Technique potential for classification of honey by electronic tongue , 2009 .

[46]  Stefano Predieri,et al.  Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) quality and breeding perspectives , 2009 .

[47]  Y. Vlasov,et al.  Electronic tongue: Chemical sensor systems for analysis of aquatic media , 2008 .

[48]  Kiyoshi Toko,et al.  Biomimetic Sensor Technology , 2000 .

[49]  H. Stone,et al.  Comparison of sensory and consumer results with electronic nose and tongue sensors for apple juices , 2002 .

[50]  J. Saja,et al.  Evaluation of the polyphenolic content of extra virgin olive oils using an array of voltammetric sensors , 2008 .

[51]  Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez,et al.  New insights into sensors based on radical bisphthalocyanines , 2009 .

[52]  Kazuo Inoue,et al.  Colocalization of GPR120 with phospholipase-Cβ2 and α-gustducin in the taste bud cells in mice , 2009, Neuroscience Letters.

[53]  Changying Li,et al.  Gas sensor array for blueberry fruit disease detection and classification , 2010 .

[54]  S. M. van Ruth,et al.  Authentication of feeding fats: Classification of animal fats, fish oils and recycled cooking oils , 2010 .

[55]  Elizabeth A. Baldwin,et al.  Discrimination of mango fruit maturity by volatiles using the electronic nose and gas chromatography , 2008 .

[56]  Hitoshi Utsunomiya,et al.  Effects of sulfur dioxide on formation of fishy off-odor and undesirable taste in wine consumed with seafood. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[57]  Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez,et al.  Nanostructured thin films based on phthalocyanines: electrochromic displays and sensors , 2009 .

[58]  M. Pardo,et al.  Random forests and nearest shrunken centroids for the classification of sensor array data , 2008 .

[59]  Adélio A. S. C. Machado,et al.  Semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis of soft drinks using an electronic tongue , 2011 .

[60]  F. Icier,et al.  Ohmic cooking of ground beef: effects on quality. , 2010 .

[61]  Eui-Sung Yoon,et al.  Biomimetics : The science of imitating nature , 2009 .

[62]  Trust Beta,et al.  Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and aroma quality of breast milk. , 2009, Nutrition.

[63]  Martin Sommer,et al.  Assessment of meat freshness with metal oxide sensor microarray electronic nose: A practical approach , 2010 .

[64]  Mani Bhushan,et al.  Real time phase detection based online monitoring of batch fermentation processes , 2009 .

[65]  Kiyoshi Toko,et al.  Sensitivity-improvement of taste sensor by change of lipid concentration in membrane , 2009 .

[66]  Po-Chiang Chen,et al.  A nanoelectronic nose: a hybrid nanowire/carbon nanotube sensor array with integrated micromachined hotplates for sensitive gas discrimination , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[67]  H. T. Nagle,et al.  Handbook of Machine Olfaction , 2002 .

[68]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Neural networks-integrated metal oxide-based artificial olfactory system for meat spoilage identification , 2009 .

[69]  E. Gobbi,et al.  Early detection of microbial contamination in processed tomatoes by electronic nose. , 2009 .

[70]  Takahiro Uchida,et al.  Evaluation of bottled nutritive drinks using a taste sensor. , 2004, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[71]  Hojjat Ahmadi,et al.  Consistency assessment of bitterness sensory evaluation data for non-alcoholic beer. , 2009 .

[72]  J. Vincent,et al.  Biomimetics: its practice and theory , 2006, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[73]  James A. Covington,et al.  An electronic nose employing dual-channel odour separation columns with large chemosensor arrays for advanced odour discrimination , 2009 .

[74]  Po-Chiang Chen,et al.  Chemical Sensors and Electronic Noses Based on 1-D Metal Oxide Nanostructures , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[75]  Xiaosong Hu,et al.  Evaluation of Chinese tea by the electronic tongue: correlation with sensory properties and classification according to geographical origin and grade level. , 2009 .

[76]  W. Clint Hoffmann,et al.  Using a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in Chicken Carcass , 2008 .

[77]  Young-You Kim,et al.  A technique for the fabrication of various multiparametric porous silicon samples on a single substrate , 2010 .

[78]  Zhenfeng Li,et al.  Ripeness and rot evaluation of 'Tommy Atkins' mango fruit through volatiles detection. , 2009 .

[79]  M.L.P. da Silva,et al.  Corrosion resistant and adsorbent plasma polymerized thin film , 2009 .

[80]  A. C. Veloso,et al.  An electronic tongue taste evaluation: identification of goat milk adulteration with bovine milk , 2009 .

[81]  M. Hruškar,et al.  Application of a potentiometric sensor array as a technique in sensory analysis. , 2010, Talanta.

[82]  Davide Ballabio,et al.  Amperometric electronic tongue for food analysis , 2008 .

[83]  Annia García Pereira,et al.  Monitoring storage shelf life of tomato using electronic nose technique , 2008 .

[84]  A. M. Marina,et al.  Use of the SAW Sensor Electronic Nose for Detecting the Adulteration of Virgin Coconut Oil with RBD Palm Kernel Olein , 2010 .

[85]  Jesús Cuartero,et al.  Multisensor device based on Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) for monitoring nutrient solutions in fertigation , 2009 .

[86]  Julie K. Lorenz,et al.  Evaluation of a taste sensor instrument (electronic tongue) for use in formulation development. , 2009, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[87]  Janice Harte,et al.  Milling and physicochemical properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties , 2009 .

[88]  Monica Casale,et al.  The potential of coupling information using three analytical techniques for identifying the geographical origin of Liguria extra virgin olive oil , 2010 .

[89]  Sylwia Mildner-Szkudlarz,et al.  DETECTION OF OLIVE OIL ADULTERATION WITH RAPESEED AND SUNFLOWER OILS USING MOS ELECTRONIC NOSE AND SMPE‐MS , 2010 .

[90]  Jun Wang,et al.  Optimization of sensor array and detection of stored duration of wheat by electronic nose , 2007 .

[91]  R. Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Monitoring of black tea fermentation process using electronic nose , 2007 .

[92]  Bo Zhou,et al.  Monitoring storage time and quality attribute of egg based on electronic nose. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[93]  Digvir S. Jayas,et al.  Wavelet Analysis of Signals in Agriculture and Food Quality Inspection , 2010 .

[94]  Robert Bogue.  Inspired by nature: developments in biomimetic sensors , 2009 .

[95]  M Palit,et al.  Classification of Black Tea Taste and Correlation With Tea Taster's Mark Using Voltammetric Electronic Tongue , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[96]  Changying Li,et al.  Neural network and Bayesian network fusion models to fuse electronic nose and surface acoustic wave sensor data for apple defect detection , 2007 .

[97]  Dominique Chevalier-Lucia,et al.  Off-flavours detection in alcoholic beverages by electronic nose coupled to GC , 2009 .

[98]  Changsheng Xie,et al.  Fabrication and formaldehyde gas-sensing property of ZnO–MnO2 coplanar gas sensor arrays , 2010 .

[99]  Masaki Kanamori,et al.  Identification of coumarin-enriched Japanese green teas and their particular flavor using electronic nose , 2009 .

[100]  Reinaldo Campos-Vargas,et al.  The aroma development during storage of Castlebrite apricots as evaluated by gas chromatography, electronic nose, and sensory analysis , 2009 .

[101]  Paul King.  Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies (Bar-Cohen, Y., Ed.; 2006) [Book Review] , 2007, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine.

[102]  Daniele Marioli,et al.  Bread baking aromas detection by low-cost electronic nose , 2008 .

[103]  Christopher M. Triggs,et al.  Eating quality standards for apples based on consumer preferences , 2008 .

[104]  J. Gardner,et al.  Non-destructive egg freshness determination : an electronic nose based approach , 2003 .

[105]  Jun Wang,et al.  Discrimination of Xihulongjing tea grade using an electronic tongue , 2009 .

[106]  Andrea Versari,et al.  Fingerprint of enological tannins by multiple techniques approach , 2010 .

[107]  Daniel Cozzolino,et al.  Geographical origin of Sauvignon Blanc wines predicted by mass spectrometry and metal oxide based electronic nose. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[108]  Ho-Hsien Chen,et al.  Grey prediction fuzzy control for pH processes in the food industry , 2010 .

[109]  Ingemar Lundström,et al.  A Miniaturized Voltammetric Electronic Tongue , 2008 .

[110]  Vutipong Areekul,et al.  Intelligent method for sensor subset selection for machine olfaction , 2010 .

[111]  Julian W. Gardner,et al.  Portable e-Mucosa System: Mimicking the biological olfactory , 2009 .

[112]  Y. Fung,et al.  Piezoelectric quartz crystal sensor for sensing taste-causing compounds in food , 2008 .

[113]  P. Ciosek,et al.  Miniaturized electronic tongue with an integrated reference microelectrode for the recognition of milk samples. , 2008, Talanta.

[114]  K. Héberger,et al.  Supervised pattern recognition in food analysis. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. A.

[115]  Xiaodong Wang,et al.  Classification of data from electronic nose using relevance vector machines , 2009 .

[116]  Wolfgang Göpel,et al.  Characterisation of food freshness with sensor arrays , 1994 .

[117]  Zeng Wen,et al.  Gas-sensing properties of SnO2–TiO2-based sensor for volatile organic compound gas and its sensing mechanism , 2010 .

[118]  Trust Beta,et al.  An evaluation of the antioxidant properties and aroma quality of infant cereals , 2010 .

[119]  Hirotaka Kaneda,et al.  Measuring Astringency of Beverages Using a Quartz-Crystal Microbalance , 2003 .

[120]  Ren-Jang Wu,et al.  Application of Taste Sensor Array to Sports Drinks by Using Impedance Measurement Technology , 2008 .

[121]  Tomasz Góral,et al.  Content of trichodiene and analysis of fungal volatiles (electronic nose) in wheat and triticale grain naturally infected and inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. , 2008, International journal of food microbiology.

[122]  Naomi Kato,et al.  Comprar Bio-mechanisms of Swimming and Flying · Fluid Dynamics, Biomimetic Robots, and Sports Science | Kato, Naomi | 9784431733799 | Springer , 2008 .

[123]  L. Pang,et al.  Discrimination of Storage Age for Wheat by E-Nose , 2008 .

[124]  Elisabetta Comini,et al.  Selective modified SnO2-based materials for gas sensors arrays , 2009 .

[125]  Tiina Rajamäki,et al.  Application of an electronic nose for quality assessment of modified atmosphere packaged poultry meat , 2006 .

[126]  J. Saja,et al.  E-tongue based on a hybrid array of voltammetric sensors based on phthalocyanines, perylene derivatives and conducting polymers : Discrimination capability towards red wines elaborated with different varieties of grapes , 2006 .

[127]  Suranjan Panigrahi,et al.  Independent component analysis-processed electronic nose data for predicting Salmonella typhimurium populations in contaminated beef , 2008 .

[128]  Tai Hyun Park,et al.  Recent advances in the development of bioelectronic nose , 2010 .

[129]  Michael Thompson,et al.  Applications of electronic noses and tongues in food analysis , 2004 .

[130]  Ning Wang,et al.  Carrot volatiles monitoring and control in microwave drying , 2010 .

[131]  Panu Somervuo,et al.  Preliminary study of ion mobility based electronic nose MGD-1 for discrimination of hard cheeses. , 2009 .

[132]  Julian F. V. Vincent,et al.  Stealing Ideas from Nature , 2001 .

[133]  B. Nicolai,et al.  Instrumental measurement of beer taste attributes using an electronic tongue. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[134]  Peter C. Jurs,et al.  Computational Methods for the Analysis of Chemical Sensor Array Data from Volatile Analytes , 2000 .

[135]  Bo-Suk Yang,et al.  Application of relevance vector machine and logistic regression for machine degradation assessment , 2010 .

[136]  M. Santonico,et al.  Electronic nose to study postharvest dehydration of wine grapes , 2010 .

[137]  M. Penza,et al.  Chemometric characterization of Italian wines by thin-film multisensors array and artificial neural networks , 2004 .

[138]  A. B. Solov’eva,et al.  The Influence Of ZnO Sensor Modification By Porphyrins On To The Character Of Sensor Response To Volatile Organic Compounds , 2009 .

[139]  Da-Wen Sun,et al.  Application of the electronic nose to the identification of different milk flavorings , 2010 .

[140]  Peter Kleinebudde,et al.  Performance qualification of an electronic tongue based on ICH guideline Q2. , 2010, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[141]  J. Gardner,et al.  Application of an electronic nose to the discrimination of coffees , 1992 .

[142]  Miguel Valcárcel,et al.  Simplifying chromatographic analysis of the volatile fraction of foods , 2008 .

[143]  James A. Covington,et al.  Applying Convolution‐Based Processing Methods To A Dual‐Channel, Large Array Artificial Olfactory Mucosa , 2009 .

[144]  Ille C. Gebeshuber,et al.  An attempt to reveal synergies between biology and mechanical engineering , 2008 .

[145]  Simona Benedetti,et al.  Application of electronic nose in honey geographical origin characterisation. , 2009 .

[146]  M. Peris,et al.  A 21st century technique for food control: electronic noses. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[147]  José Pedro Santos,et al.  Enrichment sampling methods for wine discrimination with gas sensors , 2008 .

[148]  J. Brezmes,et al.  Fish freshness analysis using metallic potentiometric electrodes , 2008 .

[149]  R. Infante,et al.  Effect of drying process on lemon verbena (Lippia citrodora Kunth) aroma and infusion sensory quality , 2009 .

[150]  José Pedro Santos,et al.  Threshold detection of aromatic compounds in wine with an electronic nose and a human sensory panel , 2009 .

[151]  V. Zucolotto,et al.  Immobilization of biomolecules on nanostructured films for biosensing. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[152]  J. Saja,et al.  Combination of an e-nose, an e-tongue and an e-eye for the characterisation of olive oils with different degree of bitterness. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[153]  Liang Feng,et al.  Discrimination of complex mixtures by a colorimetric sensor array: coffee aromas. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[154]  A. M. Peres,et al.  An electronic tongue for juice level evaluation in non-alcoholic beverages , 2009 .

[155]  Yu Lu,et al.  Quantitative artificial neural network for electronic noses , 2000 .

[156]  George-John E. Nychas,et al.  Rapid qualitative and quantitative detection of beef fillets spoilage based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data and artificial neural networks , 2010 .

[157]  J. Lammertyn,et al.  Electronic tongue as a screening tool for rapid analysis of beer. , 2010, Talanta.

[158]  Daniel Cozzolino,et al.  Use of direct headspace-mass spectrometry coupled with chemometrics to predict aroma properties in Australian Riesling wine. , 2008, Analytica chimica acta.

[159]  Marystela Ferreira,et al.  Ultrathin films of lignins as a potential transducer in sensing applications involving heavy metal ions , 2008 .

[160]  Leonardo G. Paterno,et al.  Application of Electronic Tongue in Identification of Soybeans , 2009 .

[161]  Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti,et al.  Meat Quality Assessment by Electronic Nose (Machine Olfaction Technology) , 2009, Sensors.

[162]  Sara Limbo,et al.  Freshness decay and shelf life predictive modelling of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) applying chemical methods and electronic nose , 2009 .