Analytical and empirical evaluation of the impact of Gaussian noise on the modulations employed by Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rates

Bluetooth (BT) is a leading technology for the deployment of wireless Personal Area Networks and Body Area Networks. Versions 2.0 and 2.1 of the standard, which are massively implemented in commercial devices, improve the throughput of the BT technology by enabling the so-called Enhanced Data Rates (EDR). EDRs are achieved by utilizing new modulation techniques (π/4-DQPSK and 8-DPSK), apart from the typical Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying modulation supported by previous versions of BT. This manuscript presents and validates a model to characterize the impact of white noise on the performance of these modulations. The validation is systematically accomplished in a testbed with actual BT interfaces and a calibrated white noise generator.

[1]  P. Kumar,et al.  Automatic courtesy amount recognition for Indian banks’ checks , 2008, TENCON 2008 - 2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference.

[2]  A. Bruce Carlson,et al.  Communication systems: an introduction to signals and noise in electrical communication , 1975 .

[3]  Dah-Chung Chang,et al.  Digital GFSK Carrier Synchronization , 2006, APCCAS 2006 - 2006 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems.

[4]  S. Hanus,et al.  Bluetooth EDR Physical Layer modeling , 2008, 2008 18th International Conference Radioelektronika.

[5]  Shidong Zhou,et al.  Approximate average bit error probability for DQPSK over fading channels , 2009 .

[6]  Jung-Ho Yoon,et al.  Packet and modulation type selection scheme based on channel quality estimation for Bluetooth evolution systems , 2004, 2004 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8733).

[7]  P. T. Mathiopoulos,et al.  Nonredundant error correction analysis and evaluation of differentially detected pi /4-shift DQPSK systems in a combined CCI and AWGN environment , 1992 .

[8]  Andrea Goldsmith,et al.  Wireless Communications , 2005, 2021 15th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS).

[9]  Leonard E. Miller,et al.  BER expressions for differentially detected π/4 DQPSK modulation , 1998, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[10]  Huaping Liu,et al.  Performance of frequency hopped noncoherent GFSK in correlated Rayleigh fading channels , 2003, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2003. ICC '03..

[11]  Chunyu Xin,et al.  A 3V, 0.35pm CMOS Bluetooth Receiver IC , 2002 .

[12]  Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio,et al.  A mixed-mode IF GFSK demodulator for Bluetooth , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37353).

[13]  J. P. Skudlarek RadiSim - a fast digital RF behavioral simulator including bit error rate assessment for system exploration, validation, and tuning , 2002, Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Workshop on Behavioral Modeling and Simulation, 2002. BMAS 2002..

[14]  Chunyu Xin,et al.  A 3 V, 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS Bluetooth receiver IC , 2002, 2002 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium. Digest of Papers (Cat. No.02CH37280).

[15]  K. Kiasaleh,et al.  On the performance of DQPSK communication systems impaired by timing error, mixer imbalance, and frequency nonselective slow Rayleigh fading , 1997 .

[16]  Lakhmi C. Jain,et al.  Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems , 2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[17]  Yuexian Zou,et al.  Analysis of the packet transferring in L2CAP layer of Bluetooth v2.x+EDR , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Information and Automation.

[18]  Kin Mun Lye,et al.  On the error rates of differentially detected narrowband pi /4-DQPSK in Rayleigh fading and Gaussian noise , 1993 .

[19]  Jae-Sung Roh,et al.  Performance Analysis and Evaluation of Bluetooth Networks in Wireless Channel Environment , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications (ICSNC'06).

[20]  John G. Proakis,et al.  Digital Communications , 1983 .

[21]  Dah-Chung Chang Least Squares/Maximum Likelihood Methods for the Decision-Aided GFSK Receiver , 2009, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[22]  C. Bose,et al.  BER of π/4-DQPSK with multichannel reception: Some series solutions , 2008, TENCON 2008 - 2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference.

[23]  Hong-Sing Kao,et al.  A Delay-Line-Based GFSK Demodulator for Low-IF Receivers , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers.

[24]  Sun Hee Kim,et al.  A Dual‐Mode 2.4‐GHz CMOS Transceiver for High‐Rate Bluetooth Systems , 2004 .

[25]  Tai-Cheng Lee,et al.  A mixed-signal GFSK demodulator for Bluetooth , 2006, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs.

[26]  R.M. Gray,et al.  Communication systems: An introduction to signals and noise in electrical communication , 1976, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[27]  Il-Young Moon Performance Analysis of WAP in Bluetooth Ad-Hoc Network System , 2007, KES.

[28]  Roger L. Freeman Wiley Series in Telecommunications and Signal Processing , 2005 .

[29]  Tao He,et al.  Performance of DQPSK communication systems impaired by mixer imbalance, timing error, and Rayleigh fading , 1996, Proceedings of ICC/SUPERCOMM '96 - International Conference on Communications.

[31]  Andrea Zanella Analysis of the Packet Reception Statistics of Bluetooth v2+EDR in Fading Channels , 2007 .

[32]  Michael B. Pursley,et al.  Error probability bounds for M-PSK and M-DPSK and selective fading diversity channels , 1994 .

[33]  Matilde Sánchez Fernández,et al.  Modelling, Performance Analysis and Design of WPAN Systems , 2007, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[34]  Andrea Zanella,et al.  A mathematical framework for the performance analysis of bluetooth with enhanced data rate , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[35]  Yuanjin Zheng,et al.  An ultra low power GFSK demodulator for wireless body area network , 2008, ESSCIRC 2008 - 34th European Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[37]  Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio,et al.  A GFSK demodulator for low-IF Bluetooth receiver , 2003 .

[38]  Vasant K. Prabhu,et al.  Error Performance of DQPSK with EGC Diversity Reception over Fading Channels , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[39]  Charles Tibenderana,et al.  Low-complexity high-performance GFSK receiver with carrier frequency offset correction , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[40]  Robert Schober,et al.  Bluetooth Receiver Design Based on Laurent's Decomposition , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[41]  Matthew C. Valenti,et al.  On the throughput of Bluetooth data transmissions , 2002, 2002 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Record. WCNC 2002 (Cat. No.02TH8609).

[42]  Naofumi Okubo,et al.  New method of analyzing BER performance of GFSK with postdetection filtering , 1997, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[43]  Yuanjin Zheng,et al.  A GFSK demodulator based on instant phase computation and adaptive multi-threshold quantization , 2009, 2009 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[44]  Georgios C. Anagnostopoulos,et al.  Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems , 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.