Breaking the barriers of Shannon's capacity: An overview of MIMO wireless systems

Appearing a few years ago in a series of information theory articles published by members of the BellLabs, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have evolved quickly to both become one of the most popular topics among wireless communication researchers and reach a spot in today’s ’hottest wireless technology’ list. In this overview paper, we come back on the fundamentals of MIMO wireless systems and explain the reasons of their success, triggered mainly by the attraction of radio transmission capacities far greater than those available today. We also describe some practical transmission techniques used to signal data over MIMO links and address channel modeling issues. The challenges and limitations posed by deploying this technology in realistic propagation environment are dis-

[1]  M. Reudink,et al.  Smart antennas for broadband wireless access , 2000, 2000 IEEE Emerging Technologies Symposium on Broadband, Wireless Internet Access. Digest of Papers (Cat. No.00EX414).

[2]  Andrea M. Tonello,et al.  Spatial channel model and measurements for IMT-2000 systems , 2001, IEEE VTS 53rd Vehicular Technology Conference, Spring 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202).

[3]  Ari Hottinen,et al.  Minimal non-orthogonality rate 1 space-time block code for 3+ Tx antennas , 2000, 2000 IEEE Sixth International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications. ISSTA 2000. Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8536).

[4]  Reinaldo A. Valenzuela,et al.  Detection algorithm and initial laboratory results using V-BLAST space-time communication architecture , 1999 .

[5]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Space-Time block codes from orthogonal designs , 1999, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[6]  Petre Stoica,et al.  Space-Time Diversity Using Orthogonal and Amicable Orthogonal Designs , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37100).

[7]  John G. Proakis,et al.  Digital Communications , 1983 .

[8]  Preben E. Mogensen,et al.  A stochastic model of the temporal and azimuthal dispersion seen at the base station in outdoor propagation environments , 2000, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[9]  Mohamed Oussama Damen,et al.  A construction of a space-time code based on number theory , 2002, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[10]  A.J. Paulraj,et al.  Space-time processing for wireless communications , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[11]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems , 1998, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[12]  Arogyaswami Paulraj,et al.  Analysis and modeling of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio channel based on outdoor measurements conducted at 2.5 GHz for fixed BWA applications , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[13]  Babak Hassibi,et al.  High-rate codes that are linear in space and time , 2002, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[14]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Space-time block coding for wireless communications: performance results , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[15]  Arogyaswami J. Paulraj,et al.  On the Capacity of Wireless Systems Employing OFDM-based spatial multiplexing , 2002 .

[16]  Helmut Bölcskei,et al.  Technologies and performance for non-line-of-sight broadband wireless access networks , 2002, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[17]  Mohamed Oussama Damen,et al.  Lattice code decoder for space-time codes , 2000, IEEE Communications Letters.

[18]  Hamid Jafarkhani.  A quasi-orthogonal space-time block code , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[19]  M. J. Gans,et al.  On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas , 1998, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[20]  Joseph M. Kahn,et al.  Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multi-element antenna systems , 1998, ICUPC '98. IEEE 1998 International Conference on Universal Personal Communications. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98TH8384).

[21]  Siavash M. Alamouti,et al.  A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications , 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[22]  C.C. Martin,et al.  Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio channel measurements , 2001, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 2001 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37229).

[23]  Emre Telatar,et al.  Capacity of Multi-antenna Gaussian Channels , 1999, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[24]  Helmut Bölcskei,et al.  Outdoor MIMO wireless channels: models and performance prediction , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[25]  Gerard J. Foschini,et al.  Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas , 1996, Bell Labs Technical Journal.

[26]  Arogyaswami Paulraj,et al.  Unified design of linear space-time block codes , 2001, GLOBECOM'01. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Cat. No.01CH37270).

[27]  A. J. Levy,et al.  Theory and measurement of the angle of arrival and time delay of UHF radiowaves using a ring array , 1997 .

[28]  N. Seshadri,et al.  Increasing data rate over wireless channels , 2000, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[29]  Peter F. Driessen,et al.  On the capacity formula for multiple input-multiple output wireless channels: a geometric interpretation , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Conference on Communications (Cat. No. 99CH36311).

[30]  Ran Gozali,et al.  Space-Time Codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communications , 2002 .

[31]  A. Molisch,et al.  Unified channel model for mobile radio systems with smart antennas , 1998 .

[32]  R. Valenzuela,et al.  Capacities of multi-element transmit and receive antennas: Correlations and keyholes , 2000 .