Measurements for packet error rate in wireless underground sensor networks

A wireless underground sensor networks (WUSN) are a network of wireless sensor devices in which all sensor devices are deployed completely underground. The main difference between the WUSN and the terrestrial wireless sensor networks is the aspect of wireless underground sensor networks which communicates in the soil. However, the significantly high attenuation caused by soil is the main challenge for the feasibility of WUSN. In this paper, experimental measurements have been conducted with commodity sensor nodes. Experiments are run to examine the received signal strength of correctly received packets and the packet error rate for a communication link between an underground sensor node and an aboveground sensor node and between two underground sensor nodes. Moreover, we also illustrate a classification for wireless underground sensor network communication. Finally, we conclude that the effects of burial depth and inter-node distance on the signal strength and packet error rate.

[1]  Dongkyun Kim,et al.  On the design of beacon based wireless sensor network for agricultural emergency monitoring systems , 2014, Comput. Stand. Interfaces.

[2]  Ning Wang,et al.  Survey on Wireless Sensor Networks Agricultural Environment Information Monitoring , 2012 .

[3]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Author's Personal Copy Physical Communication Channel Model and Analysis for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks in Soil Medium , 2022 .

[4]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Channel modeling and analysis for wireless networks in underground mines and road tunnels , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[5]  Mehmet Can Vuran,et al.  Communication with Aboveground Devices in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: An Empirical Study , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[6]  R. Gilkes,et al.  New A horizon protocols for topsoil characterization in Canada. , 2010 .

[7]  Pedro Sánchez,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks for precision horticulture in Southern Spain , 2009 .

[8]  Paul J.M. Havinga,et al.  A new wireless underground network system for continuous monitoring of soil water contents , 2009 .

[9]  J. Tiusanen.  Wireless Soil Scout prototype radio signal reception compared to the attenuation model , 2009, Precision Agriculture.

[10]  Li Liyz,et al.  Characteristics of Underground Channel for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2007 .

[11]  P. Fortier,et al.  Application of Ad-hoc sensor networks for localization in underground mines , 2006, 2006 IEEE Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference.

[12]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless underground sensor networks: Research challenges , 2006, Ad Hoc Networks.

[13]  Matt Welsh,et al.  Deploying a wireless sensor network on an active volcano , 2006, IEEE Internet Computing.

[14]  Uday B. Desai,et al.  SenSlide: a sensor network based landslide prediction system , 2005, SenSys '05.

[15]  Johannes Tiusanen,et al.  Attenuation of a Soil Scout Radio Signal , 2005 .

[16]  Piotr Berman,et al.  Power efficient monitoring management in sensor networks , 2004, 2004 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8733).

[17]  David Simplot-Ryl,et al.  Energy-efficient area monitoring for sensor networks , 2004, Computer.

[18]  Ashish Goel,et al.  Set k-cover algorithms for energy efficient monitoring in wireless sensor networks , 2003, Third International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2004. IPSN 2004.

[19]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[20]  D. Z. Haman,et al.  PERFORMANCE OF THE WATERMARK. GRANULAR MATRI X SENSOR IN SANDY SOILS , 2001 .