MEG and TMS combined with EEG for mapping alcohol effects.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive method of studying magnetic fields from outside the skull that are generated by at least partially synchronized neuronal populations in the brain. The advantage of MEG over electroencephalography (EEG) is the transparency of the skull, scalp, and brain tissue to the magnetic fields, which facilitates easy localization of the cortical activity. In MEG, alcohol increased the relative power of the alpha rhythm and reduced the relative power of beta activity in parieto-occipital regions. In contrast, no changes were observed in EEG, indicating that these methods differently detect alcohol's action on the cortex. Furthermore, MEG and EEG also differently detected the effects of alcohol on cognition. Alcohol reduced magnetic and electric auditory N1 and mismatch negativity amplitudes. P3a amplitudes were also reduced in EEG but not in MEG, suggesting that different cortical areas are responsible for alcohol's action on involuntary attention. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides new possibilities for studying localized changes in the electrical properties of the human cortex, especially when combined with EEG. Different cortical areas can be stimulated and the subsequent brain activity can be measured, yielding information about cortical excitability and connectivity. Alcohol modulates EEG responses evoked by motor-cortex TMS, the effects being largest at the right prefrontal cortex (assessed by minimum-norm estimation), meaning that alcohol changed the functional connectivity between motor and prefrontal cortices. Furthermore, alcohol decreases amplitudes of EEG responses after the left prefrontal stimulation of anterior parts of the cortex, which may be associated with the decrease of prefrontal cortical excitability. Taken together, MEG and TMS combined with EEG provide new insight into the focal actions of alcohol on the cortex with a temporal resolution of milliseconds, giving information different from that given by other brain imaging modalities.