Interactive processes in gasification and combustion—II. Isolated carbon, coal and porous char particles

Most combustion systems use dense sprays of liquid fuels or pulverized fuel suspension for combustion. Thus the interactive processes between the drops/particles play a crucial role in the ignition and combustion behavior and pollutant formation and destruction. A comprehensive review is presented of the interactive transport processes in the gasification and combustion of a cloud of drops and solid particles. The review originally intended to be in two parts is now divided into three parts. Part I (Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 18, 1992) is concerned with the interactive processes for arrays, streams and clouds of drops, Part II presents a review of isolated coal/char particles as an introductory material to interactive processes and finally Part III deals with the interactive processes for solid particle arrays, streams and clouds. While drops are totally gasifying, coal is a partially gasifying solid which yields char on gasification. As such there exists separate studies for the pyrolysis of coal and combustion of char particles. The kinetics modeling of pyrolysis, oxidation of volatiles and CO, carbon reactions, heterogeneous and homogeneous ignition and combustion of carbon and coal are reviewed. Because of strong analogy of the group ignition and combustion to porous char ignition and combustion, the literature on porous char combustion is also included. In order to maintain the continuity, new results are presented on the internal ignition of porous char particles using a Frank-Kamenetskii type of analysis. The ignition and combustion results of porous char are later used in Part III of the review which deals with group ignition and combustion of char clouds.

[1]  T. Wall,et al.  Combustion of particles in a large pulverized brown coal flame , 1980 .

[2]  B. C. Young,et al.  The combustion of Loy Yang brown coal char , 1989 .

[3]  L. Douglas Smoot,et al.  Modeling of coal-combustion processes , 1984 .

[4]  S. Niksa,et al.  The combustion of individual particles of various coal types , 1992 .

[5]  H. Cassel,et al.  The cooperative mechanism in the ignition of dust dispersions , 1959 .

[6]  Hoyt C. Hottel,et al.  Rapid devolatilization and hydrogasification of bituminous coal , 1976 .

[7]  M. Heap,et al.  The thermal decomposition of pulverized coal particles , 1981 .

[8]  Jerald A. Caton,et al.  Cycle Simulations of a Coal-Fueled, Reciprocating, Internal- Combustion Engine: the Role of Volatiles and Liquid Carriers , 1986 .

[9]  G. Marxman,et al.  Boundary-layer combustion in propulsion , 1967 .

[10]  R. Flagan,et al.  Char Combustion: Measurement and Analysis of Particle Temperature Histories , 1988 .

[11]  M. Mulcahy,et al.  Kinetics of the graphite-oxygen reaction near 1000°K , 1976 .

[12]  W. Kordylewski,et al.  Evaluation of kinetic parameters of coal ignition , 1980 .

[13]  Y. Levendis,et al.  Combustion behavior and kinetics of synthetic and coal-derived chars: Comparison of theory and experiment , 1991 .

[14]  L. Tognotti,et al.  MORPHOLOGICAL-CHANGES DURING OXIDATION OF A SINGLE CHAR PARTICLE , 1992 .

[15]  J. Howard,et al.  COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR OF SMALL PARTICLES , 1965 .

[16]  T. Fletcher.  Time-resolved particle temperature and mass loss measurements of a bituminous coal during devolatilization , 1989 .

[17]  Fedir Woskoboenko.  Explosibility of Victorian brown coal dust , 1987 .

[18]  W. Fu,et al.  A universal correlation between the heterogeneous ignition temperatures of coal char particles and coals , 1992 .

[19]  L. Smoot,et al.  Propagation of laminar pulverized coal-air flames* , 1977 .

[20]  R. Essenhigh,et al.  Ignition of coal particles: A review , 1989 .

[21]  Jack B. Howard,et al.  Kinetics of carbon monoxide oxidation in postflame gases , 1973 .

[22]  RajenderKumar Gupta,et al.  Ignition temperature of pulverized coal particles: Experimental techniques and coal-related influences , 1990 .

[23]  K. Annamalai,et al.  Burning of char/carbon particle in a periodic thermal environment , 1984 .

[24]  Philip J. Smith,et al.  Pulverized-coal combustion research at Brigham Young University , 1984 .

[25]  R. Hurt,et al.  The phenomenon of gasification-induced carbon densification and its influence on pore structure evolution , 1988 .

[26]  John M. Sweeten,et al.  Technical Notes: Estimation of Gross Heating Values of Biomass Fuels , 1987 .

[27]  Jack B. Howard,et al.  Coal devolatilization and hydrogastification , 1976 .

[28]  N. Gat.  On Internal Temperature Gradients in a Pyrolysing Coal Particle , 1986 .

[29]  K. Annamalai,et al.  A theory on transition of ignition phase of coal particles , 1977 .

[30]  L. Smoot.  Pulverized coal diffusion flames - a perspective through modeling , 1981 .

[31]  Chung King Law,et al.  Quasi-steady and transient combustion of a carbon particle: Theory and experimental comparisons , 1988 .

[32]  D. Maloney,et al.  Laser pyrolysis of single coal particles in an electrodynamic balance , 1989 .

[33]  Z. J. Shen,et al.  Progress on the Investigation of Coal-Water Slurry Fuel Combustion in a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine: Part 5—Combustion Studies , 1988 .

[34]  T. Wall,et al.  Combustion kinetics and the heterogeneous ignition of pulverized coal , 1986 .

[35]  R. Siemons.  The mechanism of char ignition in fluidized bed combustors , 1987 .

[36]  M. Sichel,et al.  Sheath combustion of sprays , 1985 .

[37]  C. Kruger,et al.  A comprehensive kinetics model for CO oxidation during char combustion , 1986 .

[38]  I. W. Smith,et al.  The Reactivity of a Porous Brown Coal Char to Oxygen between 630 and 1812° K , 1974 .

[39]  Leonardo Tognotti,et al.  Measurement of ignition temperature of coal particles using a thermogravimetric technique , 1985 .

[40]  Thomas H. Fletcher,et al.  Time-Resolved Temperature Measurements of Individual Coal Particles During Devolatilization , 1989 .

[41]  Scott C. Hill,et al.  Critical requirements in combustion research , 1983 .

[42]  M. Matalon.  Complete Burning and Extinction of a Carbon Particle in an Pxidizing Atmosphere , 1980 .

[43]  Philip L. Walker,et al.  Nature of the porosity in American coals , 1972 .

[44]  N. Peters,et al.  Boundary layer combustion of carbon , 1977 .

[45]  G. S. S. Ludford,et al.  Lectures on mathematical combustion , 1983 .

[46]  R. Essenhigh.  The Influence of Coal Rank on the Burning Times of Single Captive Particles , 1963 .

[47]  R. Essenhigh,et al.  Determination of global kinetics of coal volatiles combustion , 1991 .

[48]  J. Longwell,et al.  Measurement of combustion kinetics of a single char particle in an electrodynamic thermogravimetric analyzer , 1989 .

[49]  P. Wolański,et al.  Experimental and theoretical investigation into the ignition and combustion processes of single coal particles under zero and normal gravity conditions , 1988 .

[50]  RajenderKumar Gupta,et al.  Mechanisms for the ignition of pulverized coal particles , 1990 .

[51]  H. Tsuji,et al.  A further study of the effects of water vapor concentration on the rate of combustion of an artificial graphite in humid air flow , 1986 .

[52]  Derek Bradley,et al.  The oxidation of graphite powder in flame reaction zones , 1985 .

[53]  H. Tsuji,et al.  Estimation of the relative rates of the C-O2 and the C-H2O reactions , 1983 .

[54]  J. Pohl,et al.  Direct Observations of Devolatilizing Pulverized Coal Particles in a Combustion Environment , 1981 .

[55]  A. Makino.  An approximate explicit expression for the combustion rate of a small carbon particle , 1992 .

[56]  M. Nettleton,et al.  The ignition of clouds of particles in shock-heated oxygen , 1967, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[57]  Kenneth M. Sprouse,et al.  Predicting lignite devolatilization with the multiple parallel and two-competing reaction models , 1981 .

[58]  D. Carpenter.  The explosibility characteristics of coal dust clouds using electric spark ignition , 1957 .

[59]  B. Stanmore.  Modeling the combustion behavior of petroleum coke , 1991 .

[60]  B. D. Hsu,et al.  Progress on the Investigation of Coal-Water-Slurry Fuel Combustion in a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine: Part 3—Accumulator Injector Performance , 1989 .

[61]  J. Butt.  Thermal conductivity of porous catalysts , 1965 .

[62]  David Merrick,et al.  Mathematical models of the thermal decomposition of coal: 2. Specific heats and heats of reaction , 1983 .

[63]  The science of flames and furnaces , 1952 .

[64]  T. Sherwood,et al.  The role of diffusion in catalysis , 1963 .

[65]  Ian H. Leslie,et al.  Flow-tube reactor studies of devolatilization of pulverized coal in an oxidizing environment , 1985 .

[66]  P. B. Weisz,et al.  The behaviour of porous catalyst particles in view of internal mass and heat diffusion effects , 1995 .

[67]  H. Ettouney,et al.  Percolation Model for Coal Char Particle Combustion and Fragmentation , 1988 .

[68]  R. Essenhigh,et al.  Ignition temperatures of a high-ash portuguese anthracite: Comparison with a low-ash pennsylvania anthracite☆ , 1986 .

[69]  Derek Bradley,et al.  Hot wire anemometer calibration for measurements of small gas velocities , 1972 .

[70]  P. Libby,et al.  Combustion of a spherical carbon particle in slow viscous flow , 1991 .

[71]  D. Maloney,et al.  Measurements and analysis of temperature histories and size changes for single carbon and coal particles during the early stages of heating and devolatilization , 1991 .

[72]  P. Libby,et al.  Burning carbon particles in the presence of water vapor , 1981 .

[73]  S. Niksa,et al.  Heat and Mass Transfer in the Vicinity of a Devolatilizing Coal Particle , 1986 .

[74]  L. Fan,et al.  Prediction and measurement of ignition temperatures of coal particles , 1985 .

[75]  Kalyan Annamalai,et al.  Interactive processes in gasification and combustion. Part I: Liquid drop arrays and clouds , 1992 .

[76]  R. Essenhigh,et al.  Reaction order and activation energy of carbon oxidation during internal burning , 1979 .

[77]  R. Essenhigh,et al.  Steady and unsteady combustion of carbon , 1973 .

[78]  T. Wall,et al.  The combustion of evolved volatile matter in the vicinity of a coal particle - An evaluation of the diffusion limited model , 1988 .

[79]  W. Peters,et al.  Kinetics of vapor-phase secondary reactions of prompt coal pyrolysis tars , 1987 .

[80]  L. Tognotti,et al.  Oxidation rates of a single char particle in an electrodynamic balance , 1993 .

[81]  Moshe Matalon,et al.  Weak Burning and Gas-Phase Ignition about a Carbon Particle in an Oxidizing Atmosphere , 1981 .

[82]  R. D. Lanauze,et al.  The kinetics of combustion of petroleum coke particles in a fluidized-bed combustor , 1982 .

[83]  D. Bradley,et al.  Oxidation rates of carbon particles in methane-air flames , 1991 .

[84]  Y. S. Kim,et al.  APPLICATION OF NON-INTEGRAL METHOD TO COMBUSTION AND NATURAL CONVECTION PROBLEMS , 1988 .

[85]  J. Howard.  Carbon addition and oxidation reactions in heterogeneous combustion and soot formation , 1991 .

[86]  W. Seeker,et al.  The influence of oxygen and total pressure on the surface oxidation rate of bituminous coal , 1981 .

[87]  M. Nettleton,et al.  The combustion of clouds of coal particles in shock-heated mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen , 1971, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[88]  D. Bhaduri,et al.  Prediction of ignition temperature of a single coal particle , 1972 .

[89]  J. Howard,et al.  Combustion mechanism in pulverized coal flames , 1966 .

[90]  M. Zlotnick,et al.  Combustion of Carbon in an Air Stream , 1961 .

[91]  J. Markham,et al.  New ignition phenomenon in coal combustion , 1990 .

[92]  H. Cassel,et al.  Combustion of magnesium particles II—Ignition temperatures and thermal conductivities of ambient atmospheres , 1963 .

[93]  Jerald A. Caton,et al.  A Review and Comparison of Reciprocating Engine Operation Using Solid Fuels , 1983 .

[94]  J. R. Arthur.  Reactions between carbon and oxygen , 1951 .

[95]  P. G. W. Hawksley,et al.  Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Pulverized Coal Particles , 1970 .

[96]  H. Tsuji,et al.  The effects of water vapor concentration on the rate of combustion of an artificial graphite in humid air flow , 1983 .

[97]  Francis P. Miknis,et al.  Calculating heating values from elemental compositions of fossil fuels , 1979 .

[98]  G. R. Thomas,et al.  Ignition of coal particles without temperature jump , 1973 .

[99]  I. Smith,et al.  The intrinsic reactivity of carbons to oxygen , 1978 .

[100]  I. W. Smith,et al.  The combustion rates of coal chars: A review , 1982 .

[101]  A. F. Sarofim,et al.  Characteristics of single particle coal combustion , 1982 .

[102]  D. Merrick.  Mathematical models of the thermal decomposition of coal: 1. The evolution of volatile matter , 1983 .

[103]  J. M. Beer,et al.  Combustion Technology: Some Modern Developments , 1974 .

[104]  Reginald E. Mitchell,et al.  On the temperature and reaction rate of burning pulverized fuels , 1982 .

[105]  H. C. Hottel,et al.  Kinetic studies in stirred reactors: Combustion of carbon monoxide and propane , 1965 .

[106]  Dongke Zhang,et al.  Laser-induced ignition of pulverized fuel particles , 1992 .

[107]  M. Mathur,et al.  Transient heating of coal particles undergoing pyrolysis , 1991 .

[108]  D. Frank-Kamenetskii,et al.  Diffusion and heat exchange in chemical kinetics , 1955 .

[109]  D. Merrick.  Mathematical models of the thermal decomposition of coal: 3. Density, porosity and contraction behaviour , 1983 .

[110]  E. Wicke.  Contributions to the combustion mechanism of carbon , 1955 .

[111]  Normand M. Laurendeau,et al.  Heterogeneous Kinetics of Coal Char Gasification and Combustion , 1979 .

[112]  F. Fendell.  The Burning of Spheres Gasified by Chemical Attack , 1969 .

[113]  H. Tsuji,et al.  An aerothermochemical analysis of combustion of carbon in the stagnation flow , 1976 .

[114]  G. R. Thomas,et al.  Modelling the ignition of brown-coal particles , 1973 .

[115]  A. F. Sarofim,et al.  Fossil fuel combustion , 1990 .

[116]  K. Annamalai,et al.  Combustion behavior of char/carbon particles , 1979 .

[117]  S. Ubhayakar.  Burning characteristics of a spherical particle reacting with ambient oxidizing gas at its surface , 1976 .

[118]  K. W. Ragland,et al.  Combustion of millimeter sized coal particles in convective flow , 1985 .

[119]  Hoyt C. Hottel,et al.  Rapid devolatilization of pulverized coal , 1975 .

[120]  Bernhardt George August Skrotzki,et al.  Power station engineering and economy , 1960 .

[121]  C. Gomez,et al.  Ignition and combustion of single coal and char particles: A quantitative differential approach , 1985 .

[122]  I. Smith,et al.  Combustion rate of bituminous coal char in the temperature range 800 to 1700 K , 1973 .

[123]  L. D. Smoot,et al.  Pulverized-coal combustion and gasification , 1979 .

[124]  Paul A. Libby,et al.  Ignition, combustion, and extinction of carbon particles , 1980 .

[125]  J. Howard,et al.  Pyrolysis of coal particles in pulverized fuel flames , 1966 .

[126]  Ralph J. Tyler,et al.  Internal burning of pulverized semi-anthracite: the relation between particle structure and reactivity , 1972 .

[127]  H. Hottel,et al.  Combustion Rate of Carbon - Combustion at a Surface Overlaid with Stagnant Gas , 1934 .

[128]  H. Hottel,et al.  Combustion rate of carbon: Combustion of spheres in flowing gas streams , 1934 .

[129]  G. Adomeit,et al.  Preferential oxidation of carbon surfaces , 1991 .

[130]  S. Niksa.  Modeling the devolatilization behavior of high volatile bituminous coals , 1989 .

[131]  N. Amundson,et al.  Diffusion and Reaction in a Stagnant Boundary Layer about a Carbon Particle , 1977 .

[132]  K. Annamalai.  Critical Regimes of Coal Ignition , 1979 .

[133]  N. Amundson,et al.  Dynamic behavior of a porous char particle burning in an oxygen‐containing environment: Part II: Transient analysis of a shrinking particle , 1984 .

[134]  K. Matsui,et al.  Fluid-mechanical effects on the combustion rate of solid carbon , 1975 .

[135]  Edward L Cussler,et al.  Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems , 1984 .

[136]  P. Glarborg,et al.  The effect of CO conversion in the boundary layers surrounding pulverized-coal char particles , 1991 .

[137]  Stephen Niksa,et al.  Rapid coal devolatilization as an equilibrium flash distillation , 1988 .

[138]  K. Jung.  Internal burning of petroleum coke particles in a fluidized bed , 1987 .

[139]  Hiroshi Tsuji,et al.  An aerothermochemical analysis of solid carbon combustion in the stagnation flow accompanied by homogeneous CO oxidation , 1987 .

[140]  J. Chomiak,et al.  Fluid dynamics of coal combustion: A review , 1984 .

[141]  Mathematical models of the thermal decomposition of coal: 5. Distribution of gas flow in a coke oven charge , 1983 .

[142]  J. Tomeczek,et al.  A method of direct measurement of solid fuel particle ignition temperature , 1991 .

[143]  N. Peters.  Theory of heterogeneous combustion instabilities of spherical particles , 1975 .

[144]  N. Amundson,et al.  Dynamic behavior of a porous char particle burning in an oxygen‐containing environment: Part I: Constant particle radius , 1984 .

[145]  C. Kruger,et al.  Modeling coal particle behavior under simultaneous devolatilization and combustion , 1985 .

[146]  A. Merzhanov,et al.  The present state of the thermal ignition theory: An invited review , 1971 .

[147]  M. A. Nettleton,et al.  The influence of additives on the burning of clouds of coal particles in shocked gases , 1974 .

[148]  G. M. Kimber,et al.  Rapid devolatilization of small coal particles , 1967 .

[149]  P. Libby,et al.  Theoretical study of burning carbon particles , 1979 .

[150]  G. Peterson,et al.  Effective thermal conductivity of sintered heat pipe wicks , 1986 .

[151]  L. Douglas Smoot,et al.  Coal Combustion and Gasification , 1985 .

[152]  D. Bradley,et al.  Lean flammability limits and laminar burning velocities of CH4-air-graphite mixtures and fine coal dusts , 1989 .

[153]  K. Kuo.  Principles of combustion , 1986 .

[154]  Leonardo Tognotti,et al.  The products of the high temperature oxidation of a single char particle in an electrodynamic balance , 1991 .

[155]  Philip L. Walker,et al.  Gas Reactions of Carbon , 1975 .

[156]  P. Walker,et al.  Carbon-carbon dioxide reaction: Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics at intermediate pressures , 1976 .

[157]  W. Peters,et al.  An experimental and modeling study of softening coal pyrolysis , 1989 .

[158]  H. C. Hottel,et al.  Combustion Rate of Carbon Study of Gas-Film Structure by Microsampling , 1936 .

[159]  E. Golovina,et al.  The interaction of carbon with carbon dioxide and oxygen at temperatures up to 3000°K , 1961 .

[160]  E. T. Turkdogan,et al.  Effect of carbon monoxide on the rate of oxidation of charcoal, graphite and coke in carbon dioxide , 1970 .

[161]  J. Ekmann,et al.  High-energy Nd-Yag laser ignition of coals : experimental observations , 1993 .