Modeling of P-dynamics and algal growth in a stratified reservoir- : mechanisms of P-cycle in water and interaction between overlying water and sediment

Abstract A water quality model was designed to represent longitudinal and vertical concentration variations in narrow, stratified lakes/reservoirs and was applied to the Shimajigawa reservoir in Japan. In order to predict the concentrations of nutrients, DO, iron, and plankton, three models were combined. They consisted of a runoff model, a lake/reservoir flow-transport model, and an ecological model. It is thought that algal growth in reservoirs is increased by the release of phosphorus from the sediment and that both the formation and dissolution of an iron–phosphate complex are key factors controlling the rate at which phosphorus is released. Thus, to understand the dynamics of phosphorus in the lake/reservoir, the iron cycle and related redox reactions in the water and sediment column were taken into consideration. In addition, the processes of phosphorus adsorption/sedimentation under aerobic conditions and phosphorus desorption/release from the sediment were described by modeling the creation and decomposition of the iron-bound phosphate complex. Following the calibration of its parameters, the model was shown to be able to reproduce the actual oxygen profile, the dynamics of iron and nutrients, and algal growth. In particular, by combining the ecological model with the iron-bound phosphate sub-model, we were able to predict changes in PO 4 -P concentrations in the hypolimnion. This shows that the combination of the iron-bound phosphate sub-model with the ecological model is very useful in understanding the dynamics of phosphorus in a lake/reservoir where a seasonal cycle between aerobic and anaerobic conditions occurs. In addition, the relationship between occasional algal blooms and phosphorus dynamics was investigated using the model. Algal densities in the reservoir were found to be strongly related to the amounts of phosphate transported from the lower layer to the epilimnion when turnover occurred, and were affected by the phosphorus dynamics of the lower layer. In turn, the amount of phosphate transported in this way was found to increase in accordance with the amount released from the sediment, which was found to depend on the development of an anaerobic layer.

[1]  Judith Meyer,et al.  Nitrogen-limited growth of marine phytoplankton—II. Uptake kinetics and their role in nutrient limited growth of phytoplankton , 1972 .

[2]  Sven Erik Jørgensen,et al.  State-of-the-art of ecological modelling with emphasis on development of structural dynamic models , 1999 .

[3]  P. Armitage,et al.  Comparison of the uptake of inorganic phosphorus to a suspended and stream bed-sediment , 1995 .

[4]  Sven Erik Jørgensen,et al.  Examination of structurally dynamic eutrophication model , 2004 .

[5]  A. E. Irish,et al.  Modelling freshwater phytoplankton communities: an exercise in validation , 2000 .

[6]  A. Dauta,et al.  A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF TEMPERATURE, LIGHT AND GROWTH OF THREE MICROALGAE POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT , 1991 .

[7]  V. V. Menshutkin,et al.  Development of Lake Ladoga ecosystem models: modeling of the phytoplankton succession in the eutrophication process. I , 2003 .

[8]  Gertrud K. Nürnberg,et al.  The prediction of internal phosphorus load in lakes with anoxic hypolimnia1 , 1984 .

[9]  George B. Arhonditsis,et al.  Eutrophication model for Lake Washington (USA): Part I. Model description and sensitivity analysis , 2005 .

[10]  L. Håkanson,et al.  Development of a Lake Eutrophication model , 2004 .

[11]  T. Aldenberg,et al.  Modelling phosphorus fluxes in the hypertrophic Loosdrecht Lakes , 1990, Hydrobiological Bulletin.

[12]  George Kuczera,et al.  Monte Carlo assessment of parameter uncertainty in conceptual catchment models: the Metropolis algorithm , 1998 .

[13]  M. Kelly.  Heavy Metals in the Aquatic Environment , 1988 .

[14]  Masaaki Naito,et al.  An eutrophication model of Lake Kasumigaura , 1986 .

[15]  Pei Hongping,et al.  Study on the algal dynamic model for West Lake, Hangzhou , 2002 .

[16]  R. Sudo,et al.  Assessment of Eutrophication Control Programs Using an Ecological Model for a Dimictic Lake , 1991 .

[17]  Akiyoshi Sakoda,et al.  A predictive model of long-term stability after biomanipulation of shallow lakes. , 2000 .

[18]  Judith Meyer,et al.  Nitrogen-limited growth of marine phytoplankton—I. changes in population characteristics with steady-state growth rate , 1972 .

[19]  P. Boers.  The influence of pH on phosphate release from lake sediments , 1991 .

[20]  V. Menshutkin,et al.  Mathematical modeling of the evolution and current conditions of the Ladoga Lake ecosystem , 1998 .

[21]  Jon C. Helton,et al.  Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques for use in performance assessment for radioactive waste disposal , 1993 .

[22]  S. Park,et al.  Waste load allocation for a macrophyte growing impoundment: A combined modeling approach , 1996 .

[23]  T. Kana,et al.  Dynamic model of phytoplankton growth and acclimation: responses of the balanced growth rate and the chlorophyll a:carbon ratio to light, nutrient-limitation and temperature , 1997 .

[24]  Thomas Petzoldt,et al.  Hybrid expert system DELAQUA ― a toolkit for water quality control of lakes and reservoirs , 1994 .

[25]  G. Umgiesser,et al.  Modelling the responses of the Lagoon of Venice ecosystem to variations in physical forcings , 2003 .

[26]  Dortch,et al.  CE-QUAL-R1: A numerical one-dimensional model of reservoir water quality; user`s manual. Final report , 1995 .

[27]  J. Kuo,et al.  A Nutrient Model for a Lake with Time-Variable Volumes , 1991 .

[28]  W. W. Walker.  Empirical Methods for Predicting Eutrophication in Impoundments. Report 3. Phase II. Model Refinements. , 1985 .

[29]  J. Drever,et al.  Aquatic Chemical Kinetics , 1991 .

[30]  P. Nõges,et al.  Primary production, sedimentation and resuspension in large shallow Lake Võrtsjärv , 1999, Aquatic Sciences.

[31]  P. Tett,et al.  Phosphorus quota and the chlorophyll: carbon ratio in marine phytoplankton1 , 1975 .

[32]  Seok Soon Park,et al.  Indirect influence of the summer monsoon on chlorophyll–total phosphorus models in reservoirs: a case study , 2002 .

[33]  A. Skytthe,et al.  Iron:phosphorus ratio in surface sediment as an indicator of phosphate release from aerobic sediments in shallow lakes , 1992 .

[34]  P. Reichert,et al.  A comparison of techniques for the estimation of model prediction uncertainty , 1999 .

[35]  P. Harrison,et al.  Marine diatoms grown in chemostats under silicate or ammonium limitation. III. Cellular chemical composition and morphology of Chaetoceros debilis, Skeletonema costatum, and Thalassiosira gravida , 1977 .

[36]  P. S. C. Heuberger,et al.  UNCSAM: A Software Tool for Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Mathematical Models , 1994 .

[37]  Francesco Gallerano,et al.  Response of Lake Piediluco to the change of hydrodynamic conditions and nutrient load reductions , 2000 .

[38]  A. E. Irish,et al.  Sensitivity analysis of PROTECH, a new approach in phytoplankton modelling , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[39]  T. Kondo,et al.  Phosphorus exchange kinetics and exchangeable phosphorus forms in sediments , 1989 .

[40]  Roberto Pastres,et al.  Long term simulations of population dynamics of Ulva r. in the lagoon of Venice , 1997 .

[41]  A. E. Irish,et al.  Exploring the potential of the PROTECH model to investigate phytoplankton community theory , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[42]  R. Gächter,et al.  Does settling seston release soluble reactive phosphorus in the hypolimnion of lakes , 1985 .

[43]  Donald R. F. Harleman,et al.  Thermal stratification in lakes: Analytical and laboratory studies , 1969 .

[44]  Heinz G. Stefan,et al.  Minlake: A dynamic lake water quality simulation model , 1988 .

[45]  Takashi Asaeda,et al.  Modelling effects of curtain method on algal blooming in reservoirs , 1997 .

[46]  Kenneth H. Reckhow,et al.  Empirical models for trophic state in southeastern U.S. lakes and reservoirs , 1988 .

[47]  Scott A. Wells,et al.  CE-QUAL-W2: A Two-dimensional, Laterally Averaged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 3.5 , 2006 .

[48]  Milan Straškraba,et al.  Ecotechnological models for reservoir water quality management , 1994 .

[49]  Raymond P. Canale,et al.  LONG-TERM PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODEL OF PHOSPHORUS AND OXYGEN FOR STRATIFIED LAKES , 1991 .

[50]  Role of Sediments in the Process of Recovery of a Eutrophicated Lake , 1976 .

[51]  A. Muhammetoglu,et al.  A three-dimensional water quality-macrophyte interaction model for shallow lakes , 2000 .

[52]  J. Arocena,et al.  Evaluation of iron-phosphate as a source of internal lake phosphorus loadings. , 2001, The Science of the total environment.

[53]  David P. Hamilton,et al.  Prediction of water quality in lakes and reservoirs. Part I — Model description , 1997 .

[54]  Jan H. Janse.  A model of nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes in relation to multiple stable states , 1997 .

[55]  A. Chapelle,et al.  A preliminary model of nutrient cycling in sediments of a Mediterranean lagoon , 1995 .

[56]  H. Golterman,et al.  The labyrinth of nutrient cycles and buffers in wetlands: results based on research in the Camargue (southern France) , 1995, Hydrobiologia.

[57]  J. Trösch,et al.  A coupled physical-biochemical lake model for forecasting water quality , 1993, Aquatic Sciences.

[58]  Qiuwen Chen,et al.  Integration of data mining techniques and heuristic knowledge in fuzzy logic modelling of eutrophication in Taihu Lake , 2003 .

[59]  M. Enea,et al.  Fuzzy approach to the environmental impact evaluation , 2001 .

[60]  P. Reichert,et al.  Biogeochemical model of Lake Zurich: model equations and results , 2001 .

[61]  H. Golterman.  Interactions between Sediments and Fresh Water , 1977 .

[62]  David P. Hamilton,et al.  Comparison of a mechanistic sediment model and a water column model for hindcasting oxygen decay in benthic chambers , 2001 .

[63]  David Higdon,et al.  A Bayesian hierarchical model to predict benthic oxygen demand from organic matter loading in estuaries and coastal zones , 2001 .

[64]  G. Nürnberg.  Prediction of Phosphorus Release Rates from Total and Reductant-Soluble Phosphorus in Anoxic Lake Sediments , 1988 .

[65]  D. Canfield,et al.  Prediction of Total Phosphorus Concentrations, Chlorophyll a, and Secchi Depths in Natural and Artificial Lakes , 1981 .

[66]  A. E. Irish,et al.  Modelling phytoplankton dynamics in lakes and reservoirs: the problem of in-situ growth rates , 1997, Hydrobiologia.

[67]  J. Thébault.  Simulation of a mesotrophic reservoir (Lake Pareloup) over a long period (1983-1998) using ASTER2000 biological model. , 2004, Water research.