Perceptions of technological, pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) among pre-service teachers in Estonia

Most countries stress that preparing quality teachers for twenty-first century students is an essential task for teacher training institutions. Besides the skills for how to teach subjects effectively, teachers should also know how to integrate digital technology into their teaching. Several studies have been done based on the TPACK framework. Some of these studies use this framework for specific subject domains. In this study a generally applicable instrument for measuring TPACK was created. The aim of the paper was to validate the created instrument and to find out how pre-service teachers perceive their technological, pedagogical and content knowledge regarding the TPACK framework in Estonia, in a technologically highly developed country where technology is broadly used in general education. Conducting factor analysis all items with technology merged into one factor meaning that young generation perceives technology already integrated with content and pedagogy. The results indicate that pre-service teachers lack pedagogical knowledge, but they perceive that they are good at integrating technology into their teaching. Differences in perceptions were also found according to gender, age and curricula.

[1]  Clare Kosnik,et al.  Quality teacher educators = quality teachers? Conceptualizing essential domains of knowledge for those who teach teachers , 2013 .

[2]  Tim Cain,et al.  Teachers’ engagement with published research: addressing the knowledge problema , 2015 .

[3]  Hatice Ferhan Odabasi,et al.  The development, validity and reliability of TPACK-deep: A technological pedagogical content knowledge scale , 2012, Comput. Educ..

[4]  Pınar Erten,et al.  Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Self-Efficacies. , 2014 .

[5]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[6]  Joshua H. Barnett,et al.  Revisiting technological pedagogical content knowledge: Exploring the TPACK framework , 2010, Comput. Educ..

[7]  Hüseyin Öz.  Assessing Pre-service English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge , 2015 .

[8]  L. Shulman.  Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform , 1987 .

[9]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge , 2006, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[10]  Chin-Chung Tsai,et al.  Examining the technological pedagogical content knowledge of Singapore pre-service teachers with a large-scale survey , 2010, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[11]  Hsueh-Hua Chuang,et al.  The development and validation of an instrument for assessing college students' perceptions of faculty knowledge in technology-supported class environments , 2013, Comput. Educ..

[12]  Ken Kelley,et al.  Accuracy in Parameter Estimation for the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: Sample Size Planning for Narrow Confidence Intervals , 2011, Multivariate behavioral research.

[13]  D. Berliner.  The Near Impossibility of Testing for Teacher Quality , 2005 .

[14]  James B. Schreiber,et al.  Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results: A Review , 2006 .

[15]  Douglas D. Agyei,et al.  Using technology pedagogical content knowledge development to enhance learning outcomes , 2012, Education and Information Technologies.

[16]  Yan Dong,et al.  Exploring the Profiles and Interplays of Pre-service and In-service Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in China , 2015, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[17]  Meng-Li Yang,et al.  Exploring Disciplinary Background Effect on Social Studies Teachers’ Knowledge and Pedagogy , 2013 .

[18]  D. Ball,et al.  The Subject Matter Preparation of Teachers. Issue Paper 89-4. , 1989 .

[19]  Funda Dag,et al.  Turkish Adaptation of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Survey for Elementary Teachers. , 2013 .

[20]  Francesco Avvisati.  Students, computers and learning : making the connection , 2015 .

[21]  M. Prensky.  Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1 , 2001 .

[22]  Julie A. Luft,et al.  Experienced Secondary Science Teachers’ Representation of Pedagogical Content Knowledge , 2008 .

[23]  Indrek Seppo,et al.  Haridus- ja Teadusministeeriumi aasta-analüüs 2016 , 2016 .

[24]  P. Bentler,et al.  Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1980 .

[25]  Chin-Chung Tsai,et al.  Facilitating Preservice Teachers' Development of Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) , 2010, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[26]  Chin-Chung Tsai,et al.  Modeling primary school pre-service teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) for meaningful learning with information and communication technology (ICT) , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[27]  Paul W. Richardson,et al.  An introduction to teaching motivations in different countries: comparisons using the FIT-Choice scale , 2012 .

[28]  Piret Luik,et al.  Teaching Motivations and Perceptions during the First Year of Teacher Education in Estonia , 2017 .

[29]  O. N. Kaya,et al.  Adaptation of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Scale to Turkish , 2013 .

[30]  Chin-Chung Tsai,et al.  Exploring teachers’ perceived self efficacy and technological pedagogical content knowledge with respect to educational use of the World Wide Web , 2010 .

[31]  D. C. Cox,et al.  Developing and Validating a Reliable TPACK Instrument for Secondary Mathematics Preservice Teachers , 2013 .

[32]  J. Glutting,et al.  Examining Domains of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Using Factor Analysis , 2013 .

[33]  Recep Cakir,et al.  Exploring relationships among TPACK components and development of the TPACK instrument , 2015, Education and Information Technologies.

[34]  Frank B. Murray,et al.  The Overreliance of Accreditors on Consensus Standards , 2001 .

[35]  Ute Harms,et al.  Preservice Teachers’ Professional Knowledge and Its Relation to Academic Self-Concept , 2016 .

[36]  Karel M. Stokking,et al.  Construct Validation of Content Standards for Teaching , 2011 .

[37]  Shih-Hsiung Liu,et al.  Factors related to pedagogical beliefs of teachers and technology integration , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[38]  M. Prensky.  Do They Really Think Differently , 2001 .

[39]  Charoula Angeli,et al.  Epistemological and methodological issues for the conceptualization, development, and assessment of ICT-TPCK: Advances in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) , 2009, Comput. Educ..

[40]  Matthew T. Marino,et al.  Enhancing TPACK with Assistive Technology: Promoting Inclusive Practices in Preservice Teacher Education. , 2009 .

[41]  Sedef Canbazoglu Bilici,et al.  Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Self-Efficacy Scale (TPACK-SeS) for Pre-Service Science Teachers: Construction, Validation, and Reliability. , 2013 .

[42]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) , 2009 .

[43]  Donald Boyd,et al.  The Effect of Certification and Preparation on Teacher Quality , 2007, The Future of children.

[44]  Rex B. Kline,et al.  Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling , 1998 .

[45]  M. Kunter,et al.  Assessing Teacher Candidates' General Pedagogical/Psychological Knowledge: Test Construction and Validation. , 2011 .

[46]  Jered Borup,et al.  Using TPACK as a framework to understand teacher candidates' technology integration decisions , 2012, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[47]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  Tracing the development of teacher knowledge in a design seminar: Integrating content, pedagogy and technology , 2007, Comput. Educ..

[48]  Kenneth R. Phillips,et al.  Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Industrial Design Education. , 2009 .

[49]  Samira Sasani,et al.  'The Elephant in the Dark Room': Merrick and Menacing Mimicry in Bernard Pomerance's the Elephant Man , 2015 .

[50]  Cevdet Cengiz,et al.  The development of TPACK, Technology Integrated Self-Efficacy and Instructional Technology Outcome Expectations of pre-service physical education teachers , 2015 .

[51]  Theodore J. Kopcha,et al.  Examining the TPACK framework through the convergent and discriminant validity of two measures , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[52]  Steven Ranieri,et al.  On Education Statistics , 1992 .

[53]  Charles R. Graham,et al.  TPACK Development in Science Teaching: Measuring the TPACK Confidence of Inservice Science Teachers , 2009 .

[54]  Charles R. Graham.  Theoretical considerations for understanding technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[55]  Ching Sing.  Identifying Science Teachers' Perceptions of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) , 2013 .

[56]  Loene M. Howes,et al.  Teachers' career decisions: Perspectives on choosing teaching careers, and on staying or leaving , 2015 .

[57]  P. Grossman,et al.  Redefining teaching, re‐imagining teacher education , 2009 .

[58]  Chin-Chung Tsai,et al.  A survey to examine teachers’ perceptions of design dispositions, lesson design practices, and their relationships with technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) , 2015 .