Clinical applications of motor evoked potentials.

Magnetic stimulation of brain and spinal roots provides a non-invasive evaluation of nervous propagation as well as of motor cortex excitability in healthy subjects and in patients affected by neurological diseases (i.e. multiple sclerosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, myelopathies etc.). Motor areas can be reliably mapped and short- and long-term 'plastic' changes of neural connections can be studied and monitored over time. By evaluating excitatory and inhibitory phenomena following transcranial stimuli, the mechanisms of action of different drugs, including antiepileptics, can be studied. Moreover, transcranial stimulation of non-motor brain areas represents a probe for the evaluation of lateralized hemispheric properties connected with higher cortical functions. Recent studies suggest a therapeutic role of repetitive magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders.

[1]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Induction of speech arrest and counting errors with rapid‐rate transcranial magnetic stimulation , 1991, Neurology.

[2]  M Hallett,et al.  Topographic mapping of the human motor cortex with magnetic stimulation: factors affecting accuracy and reproducibility. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[3]  P M Rossini,et al.  Enhancement of motor cortical excitability in humans by non-invasive electrical stimulation appears prior to voluntary movement. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[4]  P. Rossini,et al.  'Excitability changes of muscular responses to magnetic brain stimulation in patients with central motor disorders. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[5]  D C Reutens,et al.  Magnetic stimulation of the brain in generalized epilepsy: Reversal of cortical hyperexcitability by anticonvulsants , 1993, Annals of neurology.

[6]  V. Hömberg,et al.  Magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and nerve roots in children. Maturation of cortico-motoneuronal projections. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[7]  A Berardelli,et al.  Electromyographic silent period after transcranial brain stimulation in huntington's disease , 2004, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[8]  H Buchner,et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation in pontine infarction: correlation to degree of paresis. , 1992, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[9]  D L Wolfe,et al.  Afferent conditioning of motor evoked potentials following transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex in normal subjects. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[10]  H. B. Morton,et al.  SCOPE OF A TECHNIQUE FOR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF HUMAN BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND MUSCLE , 1982, The Lancet.

[11]  P. Rossini,et al.  Neurophysiological evaluation of central-peripheral sensory and motor pudendal fibres. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[12]  D Passarelli,et al.  Rapid‐rate transcranial magnetic stimulation and hemispheric language dominance , 1994, Neurology.

[13]  M. Hallett,et al.  Induction of a recall deficit by rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation. , 1994, Neuroreport.

[14]  S. Bandinelli,et al.  Effects of coil design on delivery of focal magnetic stimulation. Technical considerations. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[15]  A. Eisen,et al.  Cortical Excitability in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Clue to Pathogenesis , 1993, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

[16]  D. Wolfe,et al.  Reinforcement of subliminal flexion reflexes by transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex in subjects with spinal cord injury. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[17]  M. Blinkenberg,et al.  Standardization of facilitation of compound muscle action potentials evoked by magnetic stimulation of the cortex. Results in healthy volunteers and in patients with multiple sclerosis. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[18]  Franca Tecchio,et al.  Focal brain stimulation in healthy humans: motor maps changes following partial hand sensory deprivation , 1996, Neuroscience Letters.

[19]  K P Zimmermann,et al.  "Slinky" coils for neuromagnetic stimulation. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[20]  C. Tomberg,et al.  Prime mover muscle in finger lift or finger flexion reaction times: identification with transcranial magnetic stimulation. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[21]  Erik Stalberg,et al.  Pre-movement facilitation of motor-evoked potentials in man during transcranial stimulation of the central motor pathways , 1988, Brain Research.

[22]  R N Lemon,et al.  Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[23]  S. Pullman,et al.  Physiological basis of voluntary activity inhibition induced by transcranial cortical stimulation. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[24]  V. Amassian,et al.  A new method using neuromagnetic stimulation to measure conduction time within the cauda equina. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[25]  G. Bernardi,et al.  Cerebral plasticity after stroke as revealed by ipsilateral responses to magnetic stimulation. , 1996, Neuroreport.

[26]  A. Berardelli,et al.  Descending volley after electrical and magnetic transcranial stimulation in man , 1990, Neuroscience Letters.

[27]  G Zanette,et al.  Reversible changes of motor cortical outputs following immobilization of the upper limb. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[28]  M Hallett,et al.  A theoretical calculation of the electric field induced in the cortex during magnetic stimulation. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[29]  H. Ducarne,et al.  Magnetic transcranial stimulation in non-haemorrhagic sylvian strokes: interest of facilitation for early functional prognosis. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[30]  J Valls-Solé,et al.  Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal volunteers. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[31]  J. Malin,et al.  Postexcitatory inhibition after transcranial magnetic single and double brain stimulation in Huntington's disease. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[32]  M. Hallett,et al.  Use and safety of a new repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulator. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[33]  R. Heckmann,et al.  Significance of shape and size of the stimulating coil in magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex , 1989, Neuroscience Letters.

[34]  R. Belmaker,et al.  The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation of rat brain on behavioral models of depression , 1995, Brain Research.

[35]  W. Schady,et al.  Central motor conduction studies in hereditary spastic paraplegia. , 1991, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[36]  J. Rothwell,et al.  Paraesthesias are elicited by single pulse, magnetic coil stimulation of motor cortex in susceptible humans. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[37]  S. Jones,et al.  Motor evoked potential monitoring during spinal surgery: responses of distal limb muscles to transcranial cortical stimulation with pulse trains. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[38]  V. Hömberg,et al.  Central motor conduction to hand and leg muscles in Huntington's disease , 1990, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[39]  L M Harrison,et al.  Plasticity of central motor pathways in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy , 1991, Neurology.

[40]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Lateralized effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood , 1996, Neurology.

[41]  C Iani,et al.  Distinguishing forms of generalized epilepsy using magnetic brain stimulation. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[42]  F Tecchio,et al.  The role of cutaneous inputs during magnetic transcranial stimulation , 1996, Muscle & nerve.

[43]  I. L. Freeston,et al.  CLINICAL EVALUATION OF CONDUCTION TIME MEASUREMENTS IN CENTRAL MOTOR PATHWAYS USING MAGNETIC STIMULATION OF HUMAN BRAIN , 1986, The Lancet.

[44]  R. Inzelberg,et al.  Changes in excitability of motor cortical circuitry in patients with parkinson's disease , 1995, Annals of neurology.

[45]  C E Elger,et al.  Magnetic motor‐evoked potentials in epilepsy: Effects of the disease and of anticonvulsant medication , 1990, Annals of neurology.

[46]  P. Rossini,et al.  Single fibre motor evoked potentials to brain, spinal roots and nerve stimulation. Comparisons of the ‘central’ and ‘peripheral’ response jitter to magnetic and electric stimuli , 1989, Brain Research.

[47]  B. Steinhoff,et al.  Effects of antiepileptic drugs on motor cortex excitability in humans: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study , 1996, Annals of neurology.

[48]  V. Amassian,et al.  Single and multiple-unit analysis of cortical stage of pyramidal tract activation. , 1954, Journal of neurophysiology.

[49]  M. Hoirch,et al.  Cortical magnetic stimulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , 1990, Muscle & nerve.

[50]  M. Hayden,et al.  Silent periods, long-latency reflexes and cortical MEPs in Huntington's disease and at-risk relatives. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[51]  M G Leggio,et al.  Excitability of the motor cortex to magnetic stimulation in patients with cerebellar lesions. , 1994, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[52]  M Hallett,et al.  Reorganization of corticospinal pathways following spinal cord injury , 1991, Neurology.

[53]  S. Tsuji,et al.  Motor potentials evoked by magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in normal subjects and patients with motor disorders. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[54]  A. Taylor,et al.  Temporal summation--the key to motor evoked potential spinal cord monitoring in humans. , 1993, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[55]  A. Salerno,et al.  Interhemispheric facilitation and inhibition studied in man with double magnetic stimulation. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[56]  F. Glocker,et al.  Electrophysiological characteristics of lesions in facial palsies of different etiologies. A study using electrical and magnetic stimulation techniques. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[57]  R. Mutani,et al.  Parkinson's disease rigidity , 1991, Neurology.

[58]  A. Berardelli,et al.  Electrical and magnetic transcranial stimulation in patients with corticospinal damage due to stroke or motor neurone disease. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[59]  P. Rossini,et al.  Electric vs magnetic trans-cranial stimulation of the brain in healthy humans: a comparative study of central motor tracts ‘conductivity’ and ‘excitability’ , 1989, Brain Research.

[60]  P M Rossini,et al.  Non-invasive evaluation of central motor tract excitability changes following peripheral nerve stimulation in healthy humans. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[61]  N. Murray,et al.  Electrical stimulation over the human vertebral column: which neural elements are excited? , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[62]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy , 1991, Neurology.

[63]  P M Rossini,et al.  Mapping of motor cortical reorganization after stroke. A brain stimulation study with focal magnetic pulses. , 1997, Stroke.

[64]  Andreas Hufnagel,et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of major depression — a pilot study , 1995 .

[65]  M. Hallett,et al.  Abnormal facilitation of the response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease , 1994, Neurology.

[66]  J Cadwell,et al.  In vitro evaluation of a 4-leaf coil design for magnetic stimulation of peripheral nerve. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[67]  A. Strafella,et al.  Motor evoked responses to paired cortical magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[68]  H. Möller,et al.  Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of drug‐resistant major depression—a report of two cases , 1993 .

[69]  G. Donnan,et al.  Magnetic cortical stimulation in acute spinal cord injury , 1995, Neurology.

[70]  R. Michelucci,et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation in epileptic patients , 1990, Neurology.

[71]  M. Hallett,et al.  Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[72]  A. Berardelli,et al.  Cortical inhibition in Parkinson's disease. A study with paired magnetic stimulation. , 1996, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[73]  S. Bandinelli,et al.  Motor reorganization after upper limb amputation in man. A study with focal magnetic stimulation. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[74]  L. Friberg,et al.  Speech localization using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation , 1994, Neurology.

[75]  E. Brunko,et al.  Abnormal motor evoked responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in focal dystonia , 1995, Neurology.

[76]  J. C. Rothwell,et al.  The interpretation of electromyographic responses to electrical stimulation of the motor cortex in diseases of the upper motor neurone , 1987, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[77]  S. Chokroverty,et al.  Percutaneous magnetic coil stimulation of human cervical vertebral column: site of stimulation and clinical application. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[78]  B. Meyer,et al.  Reduction of corticospinal excitability by magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum in patients with large defects of one cerebellar hemisphere. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[79]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression , 1996, The Lancet.

[80]  W. Fries,et al.  Motor responses after transcranial electrical stimulation of cerebral hemispheres with a degenerated pyramidal tract , 1991, Annals of neurology.

[81]  V. Amassian,et al.  Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[82]  D. Bettucci,et al.  Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy: Magnetic Stimulation of Motor Cortex Time‐Locked and Unlocked to 3–Hz Spike‐and Wave Discharges , 1994, Epilepsia.

[83]  M. Hallett,et al.  Human motor evoked responses to paired transcranial magnetic stimuli. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[84]  P. Rossini,et al.  Magnetic transcranial stimulation in healthy humans: influence on the behavior of upper limb motor units , 1995, Brain Research.

[85]  J. Liepert,et al.  Changes of cortical motor area size during immobilization. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[86]  S. Boniface,et al.  Responses of single spinal motoneurons to magnetic brain stimulation in healthy subjects and patients with multiple sclerosis. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[87]  M Hallett,et al.  Physiological analysis of motor reorganization following lower limb amputation. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[88]  S. Miller,et al.  Longitudinal study of central motor conduction time following stroke. 1. Natural history of central motor conduction. , 1993, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[89]  S. Miller,et al.  Longitudinal study of central motor conduction time following stroke. 2. Central motor conduction measured within 72 h after stroke as a predictor of functional outcome at 12 months. , 1993, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[90]  Mark Hallett,et al.  Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression , 1995, Neuroreport.

[91]  J. Eyre,et al.  Maturation of corticospinal tracts assessed by electromagnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. , 1988, Archives of disease in childhood.

[92]  A. Ghezzi,et al.  Motor potentials of bulbocavernosus muscle after transcranial and lumbar magnetic stimulation: comparative study with bulbocavernosus reflex and pudendal evoked potentials. , 1991, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[93]  B. Day,et al.  ABNORMALITIES IN CENTRAL MOTOR PATHWAY CONDUCTION IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS , 1984, The Lancet.

[94]  P M Rossini,et al.  Post-stroke reorganization of brain motor output to the hand: a 2-4 month follow-up with focal magnetic transcranial stimulation. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[95]  A. Schulze-Bonhage,et al.  Effects of carbamazepine on cortical excitatory and inhibitory phenomena: a study with paired transcranial magnetic stimulation. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[96]  R. Knobler,et al.  Lower extremity motor evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis. , 1991, Archives of neurology.

[97]  RaimondoTraversa,et al.  Mapping of Motor Cortical Reorganization After Stroke , 1997 .

[98]  P. Delwaide,et al.  Percutaneous magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in migraine. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[99]  P M Rossini,et al.  Nerve impulse propagation along central and peripheral fast conducting motor and sensory pathways in man. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[100]  M. Hallett,et al.  Spinal motor neuron excitability during the silent period after cortical stimulation. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[101]  M Schulzer,et al.  Age-dependent decline in motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude: with a comment on changes in Parkinson's disease. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[102]  M. Swash,et al.  Central motor conduction is abnormal in motor neuron disease. , 1987, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[103]  S. Hahn.  Motor Reorganization After Upper Limb Amputation in Man , 1992 .

[104]  A. Öge,et al.  Electrophysiological findings in patients who received radiation therapy over the brachial plexus: a magnetic stimulation study. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[105]  M. Hallett,et al.  Noninvasive mapping of muscle representations in human motor cortex. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[106]  M. Accorinti,et al.  Pre-symptomatic neurological involvement in Behcet's disease: the diagnostic role of magnetic transcranial stimulation. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[107]  B. Shahani,et al.  Hemispheric threshold differences for motor evoked potentials produced by magnetic coil stimulation , 1991, Neurology.

[108]  L M Harrison,et al.  Patterns of central motor reorganization in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. , 1993, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[109]  M. Hallett,et al.  Abnormal cortical motor excitability in dystonia , 1996, Neurology.

[110]  P. M. Rossini,et al.  Brain excitability and electroencephalographic activation: non-invasive evaluation in healthy humans via transcranial magnetic stimulation , 1991, Brain Research.

[111]  P. Rossini,et al.  Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[112]  B. Anciones,et al.  Central motor pathways conduction after magnetic stimulation of the brain in Cockayne's syndrome , 1991, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[113]  J C Rothwell,et al.  Intra-operative recording of motor tract potentials at the cervico-medullary junction following scalp electrical and magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. , 1991, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[114]  P. Rossini,et al.  Neurophysiological evaluation of the central nervous impulse propagation in patients with sensorimotor disturbances. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[115]  Mark Hallett,et al.  The role of reading activity on the modulation of motor cortical outputs to the reading hand in braille readers , 1995, Annals of neurology.

[116]  C. Marsden,et al.  Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[117]  M Hallett,et al.  Rapid reversible modulation of human motor outputs after transient deafferentation of the forearm , 1992, Neurology.

[118]  A. Schnider,et al.  Central motor conduction in a family with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with pyramidal signs (HMSN V). , 1991, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[119]  M. Hallett,et al.  Decreased postexercise facilitation of motor evoked potentials in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or depression , 1996, Neurology.

[120]  P. Rossini,et al.  Mechanisms of nervous propagation along central motor pathways: noninvasive evaluation in healthy subjects and in patients with neurological disease. , 1987, Neurosurgery.

[121]  N Accornero,et al.  Motor cortical inhibition and the dopaminergic system. Pharmacological changes in the silent period after transcranial brain stimulation in normal subjects, patients with Parkinson's disease and drug-induced parkinsonism. , 1994, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[122]  P. Thompson,et al.  Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. 2. Multiple descending volleys. , 1987, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[123]  J. Kimura,et al.  Abnormal excitability of the corticospinal pathway in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a single motor unit study using transcranial magnetic stimulation. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[124]  P M Rossini,et al.  Interhemispheric differences of hand muscle representation in human motor cortex , 1997, Muscle & nerve.

[125]  M G Marciani,et al.  Nervous propagation along 'central' motor pathways in intact man: characteristics of motor responses to 'bifocal' and 'unifocal' spine and scalp non-invasive stimulation. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[126]  H. Morton,et al.  Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject , 1980, Nature.

[127]  R. Janssen,et al.  HTLV‐I‐associated myelopathy associated with blood transfusion in the United States , 1991, Neurology.

[128]  J Valls-Solé,et al.  Rapid modulation of human cortical motor outputs following ischaemic nerve block. , 1993, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[129]  John Cadwell,et al.  Focal magnetic coil stimulation reveals motor cortical system reorganized in humans after traumatic quadriplegia , 1990, Brain Research.

[130]  C. Marsden,et al.  A method of monitoring function in corticospinal pathways during scoliosis surgery with a note on motor conduction velocities. , 1986, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[131]  A. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Induction of visual extinction by rapid‐rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of parietal lobe , 1994, Neurology.

[132]  A. Berardelli,et al.  Corticospinal potentials after transcranial stimulation in humans. , 1989, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[133]  A Berardelli,et al.  Cortical and cervical stimulation after hemispheric infarction. , 1987, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[134]  Detlef Claus,et al.  Corticospinal conduction studied with magnetic double stimulation in the intact human , 1992, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[135]  J Valls-Solé,et al.  Topography of the inhibitory and excitatory responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in a hand muscle. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[136]  P M Rossini,et al.  Brain excitability and long latency muscular arm responses: non-invasive evaluation in healthy and parkinsonian subjects. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[137]  Aina Puce,et al.  Cortical hyperexcitability in progressive myoclonus epilepsy , 1993, Neurology.

[138]  P. Rossini,et al.  Central motor tract propagation in man: studies with non-invasive, unifocal, scalp stimulation , 1987, Brain Research.

[139]  C L Lim,et al.  Motor evoked potentials: a new method of controlled facilitation using quantitative surface EMG. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[140]  D. Burke,et al.  Assessment of corticospinal and somatosensory conduction simultaneously during scoliosis surgery. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[141]  B. Meyer,et al.  Variability of cortically evoked motor responses in multiple sclerosis. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[142]  N. Chino,et al.  Facilitatory effect of thinking about movement on motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain , 1993, 1993 IEEE Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference.

[143]  K. Stephan,et al.  Transcranial stimulation of motor cortex in upper motor neurone syndrome: its relation to the motor deficit. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[144]  J. Classen,et al.  Inhibitory phenomena in individual motor units induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[145]  E Favale,et al.  Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in lacunar syndromes. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[146]  A. Eisen,et al.  Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation for mapping the human motor cortex. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[147]  W Paulus,et al.  Inhibition of human motor cortex by ethanol. A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. , 1995, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[148]  J. Nielsen.  Improvement of amplitude variability of motor evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis patients and in healthy subjects. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[149]  A Weindl,et al.  Motor responses evoked by magnetic brain stimulation in Huntington's disease. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[150]  P Noël,et al.  Magnetic transcranial stimulation in acute stroke: early excitation threshold and functional prognosis. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[151]  P M Rossini,et al.  Methodological and physiological aspects of motor evoked potentials. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[152]  T. Gualtierotti,et al.  Electrical stimulation of the unexposed cerebral cortex , 1954, The Journal of physiology.

[153]  M G Leggio,et al.  Motor cortex changes in a patient with hemicerebellectomy. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[154]  P M Rossini,et al.  Latency jump of "relaxed" versus "contracted" motor evoked potentials as a marker of cortico-spinal maturation. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.