In situ immune response in human dermatophytosis: possible role of Langerhans cells (CD1a+) as a risk factor for dermatophyte infection

ABSTRACT Dermatophytosis is a cutaneous mycosis caused by a plethora of keratinophilic fungi, but Trichophyton rubrum is the most common etiological agent. Despite its high prevalence worldwide, little is known about the host defense mechanisms in this infection, particularly the in situ immune response. Using an immunohistochemistry approach, we investigated the density of CD1a+, factor XIIIa+ and CD68+ cells in the skin of dermatophytosis patients. Langerhans cells (CD1a+ cells) were significantly decreased in the epidermis of patients, both in affected and unaffected areas. In the dermis, however, no differences in the density of macrophages (CD68+ cells) and dermal dendrocytes (factor XIIIa+ cells) were observed. These results suggest that the decreased number of Langerhans cells may be a risk factor for development of dermatophytosis.

[1]  L. Gillet,et al.  Th1 and Th17 Immune Responses Act Complementarily to Optimally Control Superficial Dermatophytosis. , 2019, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[2]  M. Theumer,et al.  IL-17-Mediated Immunity Controls Skin Infection and T Helper 1 Response during Experimental Microsporum canis Dermatophytosis. , 2018, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[3]  A. Matejuk.  Skin Immunity , 2017, Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis.

[4]  B. Mignon,et al.  Are Th17 Cells Playing a Role in Immunity to Dermatophytosis? , 2016, Mycopathologia.

[5]  N. Peres,et al.  Pathogenesis of Dermatophytosis: Sensing the Host Tissue , 2017, Mycopathologia.

[6]  M. Sotto,et al.  Paracoccidioides brasiliensis interacts with dermal dendritic cells and keratinocytes in human skin and oral mucosa lesions. , 2016, Medical mycology.

[7]  B. Lambrecht,et al.  Chronic and Invasive Fungal Infections in a Family with CARD9 Deficiency , 2016, Journal of Clinical Immunology.

[8]  B. Lambrecht,et al.  Chronic and Invasive Fungal Infections in a Family with CARD9 Deficiency , 2016, Journal of Clinical Immunology.

[9]  A. Bitew,et al.  Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infection and the Spectrum of Dermatophytes in Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia , 2015, International journal of microbiology.

[10]  J. Casanova,et al.  A Homozygous CARD9 Mutation in a Brazilian Patient with Deep Dermatophytosis , 2015, Journal of Clinical Immunology.

[11]  A. Schäffer,et al.  Inherited CARD9 deficiency in otherwise healthy children and adults with Candida species-induced meningoencephalitis, colitis, or both. , 2015, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[12]  M. Jabbour,et al.  The immune microenvironment in cutaneous leishmaniasis , 2015, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV.

[13]  R. Arenas,et al.  Onychomycosis due to opportunistic molds , 2015, Anais brasileiros de dermatologia.

[14]  Soyun Cho,et al.  'Clues' for the Histological Diagnosis of Tinea: How Reliable Are They? , 2014, Annals of dermatology.

[15]  P. Sharma,et al.  Epidemiological studies on Dermatophytosis in human patients in Himachal Pradesh, India , 2014, SpringerPlus.

[16]  R. Hay,et al.  Deep dermatophytosis and inherited CARD9 deficiency. , 2013, The New England journal of medicine.

[17]  C. de Beaufort,et al.  Invasive fungal infection and impaired neutrophil killing in human CARD9 deficiency. , 2013, Blood.

[18]  Paulo Ricardo Criado,et al.  Micoses superficiais e os elementos da resposta imune , 2011 .

[19]  D. Hospenthal,et al.  Disseminated dermatophytosis in a patient with hereditary hemochromatosis and hepatic cirrhosis: case report and review of the literature. , 2010, Medical mycology.

[20]  M. Sotto,et al.  Factor XIIIa+ Dermal Dendrocyte Parasitism in American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Skin Lesions , 2010, The American Journal of dermatopathology.

[21]  M. Netea,et al.  Fungal strategies for overcoming host innate immune response. , 2009, Medical mycology.

[22]  J. Blanco,et al.  Immune response to fungal infections. , 2008, Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.

[23]  J. Bouchara,et al.  Updates on the Epidemiology of Dermatophyte Infections , 2008, Mycopathologia.

[24]  K. Tamaki,et al.  Role of Langerhans cells in cutaneous protective immunity: is the reappraisal necessary? , 2006, Journal of dermatological science.

[25]  D. Thappa,et al.  Clinical variations in dermatophytosis in HIV infected patients. , 2002, Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology.

[26]  M. Sotto,et al.  Correlation of factor XIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes with paracoccidioidomycosis skin lesions. , 2002, Medical mycology.

[27]  S. Porcelli,et al.  CD1 expression by dendritic cells in human leprosy lesions: correlation with effective host immunity. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[28]  G. Trinchieri,et al.  IL-12 synthesis by human Langerhans cells. , 1996, Journal of immunology.

[29]  V. Barak,et al.  Imbalance of immune responses in patients with chronic and widespread fungal skin infection , 1995, Clinical and experimental dermatology.

[30]  R. Summerbell,et al.  The dermatophytes , 1995, Clinical microbiology reviews.

[31]  R. Hay,et al.  Partial purification and characterization of a 235000Mr extracellular proteinase from Trichophyton rubrum , 1994, Mycoses.

[32]  A. Paller,et al.  Langerhans cell histiocytosis and dermatophytosis. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[33]  E. Christophers,et al.  Enzyme release by Trichophyton rubrum depends on nutritional conditions , 1991, Mycoses.

[34]  L. Braathen,et al.  Human epidermal Langerhans cells induce cellular immune response to trichophytin in dermatophytosis , 1983, The British journal of dermatology.

[35]  S. Hsu,et al.  Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures. , 1981, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[36]  M. Rinaldi,et al.  A clinical, mycological, and immunological survey for dermatophytosis. , 1973, Archives of dermatology.