Effect of biodiesel saturation on soot formation in diesel engines

Abstract To understand soot formation in a diesel engine fueled with different biodiesels, a numerical study was performed using the KIVA-3V code, combined with a multi-step phenomenological soot model. The simulations were used to predict differences in soot formation for three various biodiesel feedstock types. Good agreements on soot emissions were achieved in comparisons of engine experiments and simulations at various engine operating conditions. The experimental data and simulated results showed that the degree of saturation and the oxygen content of biodiesel fuels are the major factors responsible for biodiesel soot production. The reduction of soot mass concentration for biodiesel is achieved due to the suppressed soot formation process and improved oxidation rate compared with diesel. It is observed that the acetylene generated in the pyrolysis of biodiesel is proportional to the content of unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (the number of C C double bonds). Among the three different biodiesel fuels, the lowest soot tendency was found for the Jatropha Methyl Ester because of its lowest amount of unsaturated alkyl esters through both numerical modeling and diesel engine experiments.

[1]  K. He,et al.  Comparison of particle emissions from an engine operating on biodiesel and petroleum diesel , 2011 .

[2]  B. Buchholz,et al.  A Numerical Investigation into the Anomalous Slight NOx Increase when Burning Biodiesel: A New (Old) Theory , 2007 .

[3]  R. Reitz,et al.  Nine-step phenomenological diesel soot model validated over a wide range of engine conditions , 2009 .

[4]  Adel F. Sarofim,et al.  Fossil fuel combustion: A source book , 1991 .

[5]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  A vaporization model for discrete multi-component fuel sprays , 2009 .

[6]  Zuo-hua Huang,et al.  Experimental and kinetic modeling study of methyl butanoate and methyl butanoate/methanol flames at different equivalence ratios and C/O ratios , 2012 .

[7]  R. Reitz,et al.  Modeling the Effects of Fuel Spray Characteristics on Diesel Engine Combustion and Emission , 1998 .

[8]  H. Hiroyasu,et al.  Models for combustion and formation of nitric oxide and soot in direct injection diesel engines. SAE Paper 760129 , 1976 .

[9]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Combustion Model for Biodiesel-Fueled Engine Simulations using Realistic Chemistry and Physical Properties , 2011 .

[10]  R. Reitz,et al.  MODELING SPRAY ATOMIZATION WITH THE KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ/RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR HYBRID MODEL , 1999 .

[11]  Zhi Wang,et al.  Combustion and emissions of compression ignition in a direct injection diesel engine fueled with pentanol , 2015 .

[12]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  Modeling the effects of EGR and injection pressure on soot formation in a high-speed direct-injection (HSDI) diesel engine using a multi-step phenomenological soot model , 2005 .

[13]  C. Westbrook,et al.  Detailed chemical kinetic oxidation mechanism for a biodiesel surrogate , 2007 .

[14]  Zuo-hua Huang,et al.  Experimental and modeling study of the effects of adding oxygenated fuels to premixed n-heptane flames , 2012 .

[15]  Raghu Sivaramakrishnan,et al.  The high-pressure pyrolysis of saturated and unsaturated C7 hydrocarbons , 2009 .

[16]  J. Nagle,et al.  OXIDATION OF CARBON BETWEEN 1000–2000°C , 1962 .

[17]  Ingemar Denbratt,et al.  NOx and soot emissions trends for RME, SME and PME fuels using engine and spray experiments in combination with simulations , 2013 .

[18]  Hui Liu,et al.  Relationship between super-knock and pre-ignition , 2015 .

[19]  Li Li,et al.  Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/pentanol fuel blends , 2015 .

[20]  Anthony J. Marchese,et al.  A wide-ranging kinetic modeling study of methyl butanoate combustion , 2007 .

[21]  Zuohua Huang,et al.  Experimental investigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel blended with biodiesel from waste cooking oil. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[22]  C. McEnally,et al.  Sooting tendencies of oxygenated hydrocarbons in laboratory-scale flames. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[23]  C. Westbrook,et al.  Detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for the oxidation of biodiesel fuels blend surrogate , 2009 .

[24]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Application of A Multiple-Step Phenomenological Soot Model to HSDI Diesel Multiple Injection Modeling , 2005 .

[25]  Murray J. Thomson,et al.  A comparison of saturated and unsaturated C4 fatty acid methyl esters in an opposed flow diffusion flame and a jet stirred reactor , 2007 .

[26]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  A Comprehensive Combustion Model for Biodiesel-Fueled Engine Simulations , 2013 .

[27]  Valeri Golovitchev,et al.  A phenomenological model for the prediction of soot formation in diesel spray combustion , 2004 .

[28]  Zuohua Huang,et al.  Comparison of the effect of biodiesel-diesel and ethanol-diesel on the gaseous emission of a direct-injection diesel engine , 2009 .

[29]  Robert W. Dibble,et al.  The Effect of Oxygenates on Diesel Engine Particulate Matter , 2002 .

[30]  T. Tsotsis,et al.  Soot formation in flames of model biodiesel fuels , 2012 .

[31]  Wenmiao Chen,et al.  A study on emission performance of a diesel engine fueled with five typical methyl ester biodiesels , 2009 .

[32]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Exhaust emissions of diesel engines operating under transient conditions with biodiesel fuel blends , 2012 .

[33]  William J. Pitz,et al.  DETAILED CHEMICAL KINETIC MECHANISMS FOR COMBUSTION OF OXYGENATED FUELS , 2000 .

[34]  Ekrem Buyukkaya,et al.  Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics , 2010 .

[35]  S. Orszag,et al.  Renormalization group analysis of turbulence. I. Basic theory , 1986, Physical review letters.

[36]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Particulate emissions from biodiesel vs diesel fuelled compression ignition engine , 2011 .

[37]  D. Foster,et al.  Modeling of Soot Formation During DI Diesel Combustion Using a Multi-Step Phenomenological Model , 1998 .

[38]  R. Reitz,et al.  Use of Detailed Chemical Kinetics to Study HCCI Engine Combustion With Consideration of Turbulent Mixing Effects , 2002 .

[39]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Pressure Oscillation and Chemical Kinetics Coupling during Knock Processes in Gasoline Engine Combustion , 2012 .

[40]  Zhi Wang,et al.  Analysis of pre-ignition to super-knock: Hotspot-induced deflagration to detonation , 2015 .

[41]  Mark P. B. Musculus,et al.  Measurements of the Influence of Soot Radiation on In-Cylinder Temperatures and Exhaust NOx in a Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine , 2005 .

[42]  C. Westbrook,et al.  Chemical kinetic modeling study of the effects of oxygenated hydrocarbons on soot emissions from diesel engines. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[43]  P. Dagaut,et al.  Rapeseed oil methyl ester oxidation over extended ranges of pressure, temperature, and equivalence ratio: Experimental and modeling kinetic study , 2007 .