A review of conflict detection and resolution modeling methods

A number of methods have been proposed to automate air traffic conflict detection and resolution (CDR), but there has been little cohesive discussion or comparative evaluation of approaches. The paper presents a survey of 68 CDR modeling methods, several of which are currently in use or under operational evaluation. A framework that articulates the basic functions of CDR is used to categorize the models. The taxonomy includes: dimensions of state information (vertical, horizontal, or three-dimensional, 3-D); method of dynamic state propagation (nominal, worst case, or probabilistic); conflict detection threshold; conflict resolution method (prescribed, optimized, force field, or manual); maneuvering dimensions (speed change, lateral, vertical, or combined manoeuvres); and management of multiple aircraft conflicts (pairwise or global). An overview of important considerations for these and other CDR functions is provided, and the current system design process is critiqued.

[1]  R. W. Revans,et al.  Decision and Control , 1968 .

[2]  R. L. Ford,et al.  The Conflict Resolution Process for TCAS II and Some Simulation Results , 1987, Journal of Navigation.

[3]  W. Love,et al.  TCAS III - Bringing operational compatibility to airborne collision avoidance , 1988 .

[4]  H. James Rome,et al.  Impact of Automatic Dependent Surveillance and Navigation System Accuracy on Collision Risk on Intersecting Tracks , 1988 .

[5]  H. Blom,et al.  An alternative method to solve a variational inequality applied to an air traffic control example , 1988 .

[6]  F. Coenen,et al.  Knowledge-based Collision Avoidance , 1989, Journal of Navigation.

[7]  Karel Havel,et al.  A Theory of the Tactical Conflict Prediction of a Pair of Aircraft , 1989, Journal of Navigation.

[8]  S. Ratcliffe AUTOMATIC CONFLICT DETECTION LOGIC FOR FUTURE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL , 1989 .

[9]  Donald H. Taylor UNCERTAINTY IN COLLISION AVOIDANCE MANOEUVRING , 1990 .

[10]  R. L. Ford,et al.  A new threat detection criterion for airborne collision avoidance systems , 1990 .

[11]  Yukito Iijima,et al.  Results of Collision Avoidance Manoeuvre Experiments Using a Knowledge-Based Autonomous Piloting System , 1991 .

[12]  William P. Niedringhaus Maneuver option manager: automated simplification of complex air traffic control problems , 1992, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[13]  Patrick Williams Aircraft collision avoidance using statistical decision theory , 1992, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[14]  Henk A. P. Blom,et al.  Air traffic collision risk modelling , 1993, Proceedings of 32nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[15]  D. W. Burgess,et al.  TCAS: maneuvering aircraft in the horizontal plane , 1995 .

[16]  William P. Niedringhaus Stream Option Manager (SOM): automated integration of aircraft separation, merging, stream management, and other air traffic control functions , 1995, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[17]  Jean-Marc Alliot,et al.  OPTIMAL RESOLUTION OF EN ROUTE CONFLICTS. , 1995 .

[18]  M. S. Eby,et al.  A self-organizational approach for resolving air traffic conflicts , 1995 .

[19]  Banavar Sridhar,et al.  Effects of conflict resolution maneuvers and traffic density on free flight , 1996 .

[20]  Tysen Mueller,et al.  Free flight conflict detection and resolution analysis , 1996 .

[21]  Charles H. Scanlon,et al.  Proceedings of the NASA Workshop on Flight Deck Centered Parallel Runway Approaches in Instrument Meteorological Conditions , 1996 .

[22]  Ran Y. Gazit,et al.  Aircraft surveillance and collision avoidance using gps , 1996 .

[23]  Robert F. Stengel,et al.  Optimization and coordination of multi-agent systems using principled negotiation , 1996 .

[24]  W. Knecht,et al.  A Dynamic Conflict Probe and Index of Collision Risk , 1996 .

[25]  B. Sridhar,et al.  Computationally efficient conflict detection methods for air traffic management , 1997, Proceedings of the 1997 American Control Conference (Cat. No.97CH36041).

[26]  Yiyuan Zhao,et al.  Deterministic resolution of two aircraft conflict in free flight , 1997 .

[27]  James K. Kuchar,et al.  Prototype Conflict Alerting System for Free Flight , 1997 .

[28]  A. Warren Medium term conflict detection for free routing: operational concepts and requirements analysis , 1997, 16th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Reflections to the Future. Proceedings.

[29]  H. Erzberger,et al.  Design of a conflict detection algorithm for the Center/TRACON automation system , 1997, 16th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Reflections to the Future. Proceedings.

[30]  Mark Peters,et al.  Conflict Detection and Resolution for Free Flight , 1997 .

[31]  Jens Schiefele,et al.  Method for detecting and avoiding flight hazards , 1997, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[32]  James K. Kuchar,et al.  Prototype Conflict Alerting Logic for Free Flight , 1997 .

[33]  Mark Peters,et al.  Strategic conflict detection and resolution for free flight , 1997, Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[34]  R. Lachner,et al.  Collision avoidance as a differential game: real-time approximation of optimal strategies using higher derivatives of the value function , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Computational Cybernetics and Simulation.

[35]  Heinz Erzberger,et al.  Conflict probability estimation for free flight , 1997 .

[36]  V. N. Duong,et al.  Conflict Resolution Advisory Service in autonomous aircraft operations , 1997, 16th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Reflections to the Future. Proceedings.

[37]  K. S. Lindsay,et al.  Assessment of field trials, algorithmic performance, and benefits of the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET) conflict probe , 1997, 16th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Reflections to the Future. Proceedings.

[38]  Koen de Jong,et al.  Medium term conflict detection in EATCHIP phase III , 1997, 16th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Reflections to the Future. Proceedings.

[39]  James K. Kuchar,et al.  Survey of conflict detection and resolution modeling methods , 1997 .

[40]  Amedeo R. Odoni,et al.  Existing and Required Modeling Capabilities for Evaluating ATM Systems and Concepts , 1997 .

[41]  E. Feron,et al.  Linear matrix inequalities for free flight conflict problems , 1997, Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[42]  Amy R. Pritchett,et al.  Pilot non-conformance to alerting system commands during closely spaced parallel approaches , 2013, 16th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Reflections to the Future. Proceedings.

[43]  James K. Kuchar,et al.  Probability-based collision alerting logic for closely-spaced parallel approach , 1997 .

[44]  S. Shankar Sastry,et al.  Generation of conflict resolution manoeuvres for air traffic management , 1997, Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robot and Systems. Innovative Robotics for Real-World Applications. IROS '97.

[45]  Mark Peters,et al.  Conflict Detection and Resolution for Future Air Transportation Management , 1997 .

[46]  William R. Knecht Developing a Probabilistic Metric of Midair Collision Risk , 1997 .

[47]  S. Shankar Sastry,et al.  Conflict resolution for air traffic management: a study in multiagent hybrid systems , 1998, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[48]  Lee C. Yang,et al.  USING INTENT INFORMATION IN PROBABILISTIC CONFLICT ANALYSIS , 1998 .

[49]  Robert F. Stengel,et al.  Principled negotiation between intelligent agents: a model for air traffic management , 1998, Artif. Intell. Eng..

[50]  Tomoki Ota,et al.  AIRCRAFT COLLISION AVOIDANCE TRAJECTORY GENERATION , 1998 .

[51]  Richard Irvine THE GEARS CONFLICT RESOLUTION ALGORITHM , 1998 .

[52]  Debasish Ghose,et al.  Obstacle avoidance in a dynamic environment: a collision cone approach , 1998, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A.

[53]  R.N.H.W. van Gent,et al.  CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF FREE FLIGHT WITH AIRBORNE SEPARATION ASSURANCE , 1998 .

[54]  William Chan,et al.  FIELD TEST EVALUATION OF THE CTAS CONFLICT PREDICTION AND TRIAL PLANNING CAPABILITY , 1998 .

[55]  K. Zeghal A REVIEW OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES BASED ON FORCE FIELDS FOR AIRBORNE CONFLICT RESOLUTION , 1998 .

[56]  R. John Hansman,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF INTENT INFORMATION ON COCKPIT TRAFFIC DISPLAYS , 1999 .

[57]  John Lygeros,et al.  A probabilistic framework for aircraft conflict detection. , 1999 .

[58]  Sean Guarino,et al.  Air traffic controller agent model for free flight , 1999 .

[59]  M. S. Eby,et al.  Free flight separation assurance using distributed algorithms , 1999, 1999 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.99TH8403).

[60]  Mario Innocenti,et al.  Air Traffic Management using Probability Function Fields , 1999 .

[61]  Mike Jackson,et al.  Designing an airborne alerting system for closely spaced parallel approaches , 1999 .

[62]  W. E. Kelly Conflict detection and alerting for separation assurance systems , 1999, Gateway to the New Millennium. 18th Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH37033).

[63]  I. Y. Burdun,et al.  AI knowledge model for self-organizing conflict prevention/resolution in close free-flight air space , 1999, 1999 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.99TH8403).

[64]  G. D. Sweriduk,et al.  Optimal Strategies for Free-Flight Air Traffic Conflict Resolution , 1999 .

[65]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Design of cockpit displays for limited delegation of separation assurance , 1999, Gateway to the New Millennium. 18th Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH37033).

[66]  Karl D. Bilimoria,et al.  Comparison of Centralized and Decentralized Conflict Resolution Strategies for Multiple-Aircraft Problems , 2000 .

[67]  Mike Jackson,et al.  GASPER/AILS: an integrated DGPS/ADS-B airborne alerting system for closely spaced parallel approaches , 2000, IEEE 2000. Position Location and Navigation Symposium (Cat. No.00CH37062).

[68]  E. Feron,et al.  Resolution of Conflicts Involving Many Aircraft via Semidefinite Programming , 2001 .