Abstract Human development is intricately linked both to energy and sustainability. The objective of this chapter is to outline the advances of the interdisciplinary research community, which has burgeoned into a plethora of concepts and applications, as well as to accentuate diverse functionalization strategies that have spiked the prominence of varied composites. Biopolymers, conducting polymers, and nanomaterials could lay the foundation for future applied explorations, by revamping existing versatile and user friendly technologies. The recent recognition of microbial electrochemistry is fundamentally unraveling a thrilling link between life and materials. This chapter proposes a classification of varied technologies, based on the interface of microbiology and electrochemistry. Such a classification may provide a platform for the further development and unification of scientific language in the field. A comprehensive exploration of bioelectrochemical systems has been compiled here, which could facilitate versatile environmental and biological applications. This chapter delineates significant facets of the microbial electrolysis cell, microbial fuel cell, microbial desalination cell, and microbial electrosynthesis. The emergence of microbial biosensors provides better comprehension of microbe–electrode interactions at the molecular level, thereby enhancing the performance of a variety of applications. This chapter summarizes recent developments in the transdisciplinary hybrid system, and provides a perspective on future developments.