Cyclic behaviour and resistance of saturated sand under non-symmetrical loading conditions

This paper reports findings from an experimental study that aimed to investigate the undrained behaviour of sand in non-symmetrical cyclic loading, and to clarify the role of initial static shear in liquefaction resistance. The testing programme, conducted on a standard sand under triaxial conditions, covers a broad range of initial states in terms of relative density, confining stress and initial shear stress ratio (α). Three distinct failure modes have been identified from the tests: flow-type failure, cyclic mobility and plastic strain accumulation. Of these, flow-type failure, characterised by abrupt runaway deformations without any prior warning, is the most critical, and pertains to sand in the loose state. The tests also demonstrate that the presence of initial static shear stress is beneficial to the liquefaction resistance of loose sand at low α levels, but it becomes detrimental at high α levels. In this connection the concept of threshold α is proposed, together with the use of a no-stress-reve...

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