Pyroelectric detectors and materials

A survey on point pyroelectric detectors and materials is given. The performance of a practical detector is characterized by the ratio of a response function and a noise function. Material parameters relevant to detector applications are identified and the crystal properties of these parameters are then discussed by the use of equations of state. The noise function is so defined that the performance of the practical pyroelectric detector as a circuit element can be directly examined and assessed with respect to the ideal thermal detector. Under special conditions, this noise function gives rise to four separate figures of merit of pyroelectric detectors. Finally the temperature dependence and the performance limitations of pyroelectric detectors are discussed.

[1]  A. Ziel,et al.  Solid state physical electronics , 1957 .

[2]  M. Lines.  Statistical Theory for Displacement Ferroelectrics , 1969 .

[3]  S. Stokowski.  Temperature noise and dielectric loss in pyroelectric detectors , 1976 .

[4]  E. T. Keve,et al.  Alanine doped TGS/TGSe crystals for pyroelectric applications , 1974 .

[5]  O. Tufte,et al.  The Pyroelectric Properties of the Lanthanum-Doped Ferroelectric PLZT Ceramics , 1972, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[6]  S. T. Liu.  Critical assessment of pyroelectric detectors , 1976 .

[7]  A. M. Glass,et al.  Investigation of the Electrical Properties of Sr1−xBaxNb2O6 with Special Reference to Pyroelectric Detection , 1969 .

[8]  S. T. Liu,et al.  Noise sources in pyroelectric radiation detectors , 1972 .

[9]  E. H. Putley,et al.  Chapter 6 The Pyroelectric Detector , 1970 .

[10]  G. R. Crane,et al.  Pyroelectricity and Optical Second Harmonic Generation in Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films , 1971 .

[11]  A. Shaulov,et al.  Pyroelectric Voltage Response to Step Signals of Infrared Radiation in Triglycine Sulphate and Strontium‐Barium Niobate , 1971 .

[12]  S. T. Liu,et al.  Relationships between pyroelectric and ferroelectric parameters , 1975 .

[13]  M. Onoe,et al.  Determination of Elastic and Piezoelectric Constants for Crystals in Class (3m) , 1967 .

[14]  J. Cooper.  A fast-response pyroelectric thermal detector , 1962 .

[15]  E. H. Putley,et al.  The Pyroelectric Detector , 1970 .

[16]  R. Jones.  Performance of Detectors for Visible and Infrared Radiation , 1953 .

[17]  S. Lang.  Pyroelectricity: A 2300-year history , 1974 .

[18]  A. G. Chynoweth,et al.  Dynamic Method for Measuring the Pyroelectric Effect with Special Reference to Barium Titanate , 1956 .

[19]  K. Moore,et al.  Calculation of temperature distribution and temperature noise in a pyroelectric detector—I. Gas-filled tube , 1973 .

[20]  S. T. Liu,et al.  Diffusion theory of the response of pyroelectric detectors , 1972 .

[21]  A. Shaulov,et al.  Pyroelectric Voltage Response to Rectangular Infrared Signals in Triglycine Sulphate and Strontium‐Barium Niobate , 1972 .

[22]  R. G. Taylor,et al.  Pyroelectric image tubes , 1973 .

[23]  H. Ibach,et al.  Pyroelectricity of zinc oxide , 1966 .

[24]  R. Astheimer,et al.  Thermal imaging using pyroelectric detectors. , 1968, Applied optics.

[25]  R. Byer,et al.  Pyroelectric Coefficient Direct Measurement Technique and Application to a Nsec Response Time Detector , 1972, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[26]  A. Glass,et al.  Pyroelectric Properties of Polyvinylidene Flouride and Its Use for Infrared Detection , 1971 .

[27]  J. Geist,et al.  Influence of black coatings on pyroelectric detectors. , 1974, Applied optics.

[28]  S. T. Liu,et al.  Preparations and properties of low loss Sr1−xBaxNb2O6 ferroelectric single crystals , 1973 .

[29]  R. Byer,et al.  Sensitive LiTaO3 pyroelectric detector , 1973 .

[30]  B. R. Holeman,et al.  Sinusoidally modulated heat flow and the pyroelectric effect , 1972 .

[31]  S. Lang,et al.  Sourcebook of pyroelectricity , 1974 .

[32]  A. van der Ziel,et al.  Thermal noise in junction-gate field-effect transistors , 1966 .

[33]  L. Cross,et al.  Primary pyroelectricity in strontium barium niobate (Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6) single crystals , 1977 .

[34]  A. Glass.  Dielectric, Thermal, and Pyroelectric Properties of Ferroelectric LiTaO 3 , 1968 .

[35]  Charles S. Smith.  Macroscopic Symmetry and Properties of Crystals , 1958 .

[36]  A. Ziel,et al.  The molecular field model applied to pyroelectric detectorst , 1974 .

[37]  R. Phelan,et al.  High D* Pyroelectric Polyvinylfluoride Detectors , 1971 .

[38]  Aizu Kêitsiro.  Statistical Theory of Ferroelectricity Based on the Concept of Ferroelectric Modes of Lattice Vibration , 1966 .

[39]  S. T. Liu,et al.  Rare-earth-modified Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6, ferroelectric crystals and their applications as infrared detectors , 1975 .

[40]  P. Lock.  Doped Triglycine Sulfate for Pyroelectric Applications , 1971 .

[41]  High D∗, fast, lead zirconate titanate pyroelectric detectors☆ , 1972 .

[42]  Tomoaki Yamada,et al.  Elastic and Piezoelectric Properties of Ferroelectric 5PbO · 3GeO2 Crystals , 1972 .

[43]  H. Beerman.  Investigation of pyroelectric material characteristics for improved infrared detector performance , 1975 .

[44]  G. Burdick,et al.  Theoretical Expression for the Noise Equivalent Power of Pyroelectric Detectors , 1966 .

[45]  Don Berlincourt,et al.  Electroelastic Properties of the Sulfides, Selenides, and Tellurides of Zinc and Cadmium , 1963 .

[46]  S. T. Liu,et al.  Evaluation of curie constants of ferroelectric crystals from pyroelectric response , 1974 .

[47]  J. Cooper,et al.  Minimum Detectable Power of a Pyroelectric Thermal Receiver , 1962 .

[48]  A. F. Devonshire.  Theory of ferroelectrics , 1954 .

[49]  S. T. Liu,et al.  Use of effective field theory to predict relationships among ferroelectric parameters , 1976 .

[50]  A. Hadni,et al.  Sur les propriétés pyroélectriques de quelques matériaux et leur application à la détection de l'infrarouge , 1965 .

[51]  A. W. Vere,et al.  Pyroelectric properties of lead germanate , 1972 .

[52]  H. Beerman.  The pyroelectric detector of infrared radiation , 1969 .

[53]  S. T. Liu,et al.  Further study of the pyroelectric properties of lanthanum-modified PZT ferroelectric ceramics , 1974 .

[54]  A. Maradudin,et al.  Theory of dielectrics , 1949 .

[55]  E. T. Keve,et al.  Triglycine sulphate/selenate solid solutions for pyroelectric applications , 1976 .

[56]  L. Garn,et al.  Pyroelectric Vidicon Target Materials , 1974 .