The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals

Following concepts introduced by Markus and Kitayama, this study describes the theoretical and empirical development of a scale to measure the strength of an individual's interdependent and independent self-construals. These two images of self are conceptualized as reflecting the emphasis on connectedness and relations often found in non-Western cultures (interdependent) and the separateness and uniqueness of the individual (independent) stressed in the West. It is argued that these two images of self can and do coexist in individuals and that they can be measured. A 24-item Self-Construal Scale measuring two dimensions of self-image is presented. The two distinct dimensions of the scale were supported in confirmatory factor analyses of two multiethnic samples of college students. The scale was found to have satisfactory reliability and validity. Its implications and potential applications are discussed.

[1]  T. Singelis,et al.  Culture, Self-Construal, and Embarrassability , 1995 .

[2]  W J Brown,et al.  Culture, self, and collectivist communication: linking culture to individual behavior. , 1995, Human communication research.

[3]  Min-Sun Kim,et al.  The relationship between individuals' self-construals and perceived importance of interactive constraints , 1994 .

[4]  S. Yamaguchi,et al.  Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self. , 1994 .

[5]  T. K. Srull,et al.  Handbook of Social Cognition , 1993 .

[6]  R. Brislin,et al.  The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism , 1992 .

[7]  R. Lennox,et al.  Latent Structure of Self-Monitoring. , 1991, Multivariate behavioral research.

[8]  D. Trafimow,et al.  Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. , 1991 .

[9]  Resistance to Group or Personal Insults in an Ingroup or Outgroup Context , 1991 .

[10]  D. Paulhus.  Measurement and control of response bias. , 1991 .

[11]  H. Markus,et al.  Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. , 1991 .

[12]  Soo-Hyang Choi.  Communicative socialization processes : Korea and Canada , 1990 .

[13]  H. Triandis,et al.  Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. , 1990 .

[14]  Barbara M. Byrne,et al.  A Primer of LISREL , 1989 .

[15]  H. Triandis.  The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts , 1989 .

[16]  A. Roland.  In Search of Self in India and Japan , 1989 .

[17]  James C. Anderson,et al.  STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING IN PRACTICE: A REVIEW AND RECOMMENDED TWO-STEP APPROACH , 1988 .

[18]  C. Hui.  Measurement of individualism-collectivism , 1988 .

[19]  H. Triandis,et al.  Individualism and Collectivism: Cross-cultural Perspectives on Self-ingroup Relationships We Wish to Thank Our Research Collaborators for Stimulating Ideas, Data, and Moral Support in Carrying out a Complex Set of Studies. They , 2022 .

[20]  John W. Berry,et al.  Acculturation and mental health. , 1988 .

[21]  H. Triandis,et al.  Collectivism v. Individualism: A Reconceptualisation of a Basic Concept in Cross-cultural Social Psychology , 1988 .

[22]  K. Leung.  Some determinants of reactions to procedural models for conflict resolution: A cross-national study. , 1987 .

[23]  楊國樞,et al.  Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-Free Dimensions of Culture , 1987 .

[24]  Harry C. Triandis,et al.  The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures , 1986 .

[25]  Yuichi Iizuka,et al.  CROSS‐CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN RELATIONSHIP RULES , 1986 .

[26]  Richard A. Shweder,et al.  Culture theory : essays on mind, self, and emotion , 1986 .

[27]  H. Triandis,et al.  Allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies: Convergent and discriminant validation , 1985 .

[28]  H. Marsh,et al.  Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First- and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. , 1985 .

[29]  Harry C. Triandis,et al.  Simpatia as a Cultural Script of Hispanics. , 1984 .

[30]  M. Bond,et al.  The Impact of Cultural Collectivism on Reward Allocation , 1984 .

[31]  James C. Anderson,et al.  The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis , 1984 .

[32]  Joan G. Miller.  Culture and the Development of Everyday Social Explanation , 1984 .

[33]  J. Ray.  Reviving the problem of acquiescent response bias. , 1983 .

[34]  J. W. Berry,et al.  A Cultural Ecology of Social Behavior1 , 1979 .

[35]  M. Snyder.  Self-monitoring processes , 1979 .

[36]  C. Geertz.  On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding , 1975 .

[37]  M. Snyder.  Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. , 1974 .

[38]  P M Bentler,et al.  Identification of content and style: a two-dimensional interpretation of acquiescence. , 1971, Psychological bulletin.

[39]  K. G. Jöreskog,et al.  Statistical analysis of sets of congeneric tests , 1971 .

[40]  A Koestler,et al.  Ghost in the Machine , 1970 .

[41]  F. Strodtbeck,et al.  Variations in value orientations. , 1961 .

[42]  M. Kuhn,et al.  An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. , 1954 .