LithoGAN: End-to-End Lithography Modeling with Generative Adversarial Networks

Lithography simulation is one of the most fundamental steps in process modeling and physical verification. Conventional simulation methods suffer from a tremendous computational cost for achieving high accuracy. Recently, machine learning was introduced to trade off between accuracy and runtime through speeding up the resist modeling stage of the simulation flow. In this work, we propose LithoGAN, an end-to-end lithography modeling framework based on a generative adversarial network (GAN), to map the input mask patterns directly to the output resist patterns. Our experimental results show that LithoGAN can predict resist patterns with high accuracy while achieving orders of magnitude speedup compared to conventional lithography simulation and previous machine learning based approach.

[1]  Shigeki Nojima,et al.  Data Efficient Lithography Modeling With Transfer Learning and Active Data Selection , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.

[2]  Trevor Darrell,et al.  Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[3]  Shigeki Nojima,et al.  Accurate lithography simulation model based on convolutional neural networks , 2017, Photomask Japan.

[4]  Allen Taflove,et al.  Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain Analysis , 2005 .

[5]  Shigeki Nojima,et al.  Data Efficient Lithography Modeling with Residual Neural Networks and Transfer Learning , 2018, ISPD.

[6]  Christian Ledig,et al.  Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Network , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[7]  Gonzalo R. Arce,et al.  Computational Lithography , 2010, Wiley series in pure and applied optics.

[8]  拓海 杉山,et al.  “Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks”の学習報告 , 2017 .

[9]  Soumith Chintala,et al.  Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks , 2015, ICLR.

[10]  Sergey Ioffe,et al.  Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift , 2015, ICML.

[11]  David Z. Pan,et al.  Machine Learning for Yield Learning and Optimization , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC).

[12]  Alexei A. Efros,et al.  Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[13]  Harry J. Levinson,et al.  Principles of Lithography , 2001 .

[14]  Melinda Piket-May,et al.  9 – Computational Electromagnetics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method , 2005 .

[15]  C. Mack Field Guide to Optical Lithography , 2006 .

[16]  Alexei A. Efros,et al.  Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation Using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[17]  Anne-Marie Goethals,et al.  Variable-threshold resist models for lithography simulation , 1999, Advanced Lithography.

[18]  Yuan Yu,et al.  TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning , 2016, OSDI.

[19]  Kevin D. Lucas,et al.  Efficient and rigorous three-dimensional model for optical lithography simulation , 1996 .

[20]  Simon Osindero,et al.  Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets , 2014, ArXiv.

[21]  Dinesh K. Sharma,et al.  Resolution enhancement techniques for optical lithography , 2002 .

[22]  Youngsoo Shin,et al.  Machine learning-based 3D resist model , 2017, Advanced Lithography.

[23]  Jimmy Ba,et al.  Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization , 2014, ICLR.

[24]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Generative Adversarial Nets , 2014, NIPS.

[25]  C. Mack Fundamental principles of optical lithography : the science of microfabrication , 2007 .

[26]  Allen Taflove,et al.  Computational Electrodynamics the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method , 1995 .

[27]  Shigeki Nojima,et al.  Hybrid hotspot detection using regression model and lithography simulation , 2016, SPIE Advanced Lithography.

[28]  Chikaaki Kodama,et al.  A Machine Learning Based Framework for Sub-Resolution Assist Feature Generation , 2016, ISPD.

[29]  Yuzhe Ma,et al.  GAN-OPC: Mask Optimization with Lithography-guided Generative Adversarial Nets , 2018, 2018 55th ACM/ESDA/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC).