Erratum to: Phreatophytes under stress: transpiration and stomatal conductance of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in a high-salinity environment

Background and aims We sought to understand the environmental constraints on an arid-zone riparian phreatophtye, saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima and related species and hybrids), growing over a brackish aquifer along the Colorado River in the western U.S. Depth to groundwater, meteorological factors, salinity and soil hydraulic properties were compared at stress and nonstressed sites that differed in salinity of the aquifer, soil properties and water use characteristics, to identify the factors depressing water use at the stress site. Methods Saltcedar leaf-level transpiration (EL), LAI, and stomatal conductance (GS) were measured over a growing season (June–September) with Granier and stem heat balance sensors and were compared to those for saltcedar at the non-stress site determined in a previous study. Transpiration on a ground-area basis (EG) was calculated as EL×LAI. Environmental factors were regressed against hourly and daily EL and GS at each site to determine the main factors controlling water use at each site. Results At the stress site, mean EG over the summer was only 30 % of potential evapotranspiration (ETo). GS and EG peaked between 8 and 9 am then decreased over the daylight hours. DaytimeGSwas negatively correlatedwith vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (P<0.05). By contrast, EG at the non-stress site tracked the daily radiation curve, was positively correlated with VPD and was nearly equal to ETo on a daily basis. Depth to groundwater increased over the growing season at both sites and resulted in decreasing EG but could not explain the difference between sites. Both sites had high soil moisture levels throughout the vadose zone with high calculated unsaturated conductivity. However, salinity in the aquifer and vadose zone was three times higher at the stress site than at the non-stress site and could explain differences in plant EG and GS. Conclusions Salts accumulated in the vadose zone at both sites so usable water was confined to the saturated capillary fringe above the aquifer. Existence of a saline aquifer imposes several types of constraints on phreatophyte EG, which need to be considered in models of plant water uptake. The heterogeneous nature of saltcedar EG over river terraces introduces potential errors into estimates of ET by wide-area methods. Plant Soil (2013) 371:655–672 DOI 10.1007/s11104-013-1803-0 Responsible Editor: John McPherson Cheeseman. E. P. Glenn (*) Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 2601 East Airport Drive, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA e-mail: eglenn@ag.arizona.edu P. L. Nagler U.S. Geological Survey, Sonoran Desert Research Station, Southwest Biological Science Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA K. Morino Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA K. R. Hultine Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA

[1]  O. E. Meinzer.  Plants as indicators of ground water , 1927 .

[2]  S. N. Stephenson,et al.  Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran Desert , 1951 .

[3]  Professor C. B. Osmond,et al.  Physiological Processes in Plant Ecology , 1980, Ecological Studies.

[4]  William K. Lauenroth,et al.  PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND ABIOTIC CONTROLS IN FORESTS, GRASSLANDS, AND DESERT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES' , 1983 .

[5]  R. Gillham.  The capillary fringe and its effect on water-table response , 1984 .

[6]  K. G. McNaughton,et al.  Stomatal Control of Transpiration: Scaling Up from Leaf to Region , 1986 .

[7]  A. Granier,et al.  Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements. , 1987, Tree physiology.

[8]  W. Nichols.  Estimating discharge of shallow groundwater by transpiration from greasewood in the Northern Great Basin , 1993 .

[9]  W. D. Nichols,et al.  Groundwater discharge by phreatophyte shrubs in the Great Basin as related to depth to groundwater , 1994 .

[10]  Dani Or,et al.  Stochastic estimation of plant-available soil water under fluctuating water table depths , 1994 .

[11]  J. Norman,et al.  Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature , 1995 .

[12]  Stanley D. Smith,et al.  Water Use by Tamarix Ramosissima and Associated Phreatophytes in a Mojave Desert Floodplain , 1996 .

[13]  J. Pontailler,et al.  Transpiration of trees and forest stands: short and long‐term monitoring using sapflow methods , 1996 .

[14]  Claudio O. Stöckle,et al.  Measuring sap flow with the heat balance approach using constant and variable heat inputs , 1997 .

[15]  J. Cleverly,et al.  Plant water relations of Tamarix ramosissima in response to the imposition and alleviation of soil moisture stress , 1997 .

[16]  E. Glenn,et al.  Growth rates, salt tolerance and water use characteristics of native and invasive riparian plants from the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico , 1998 .

[17]  L. S. Pereira,et al.  Crop evapotranspiration : guidelines for computing crop water requirements , 1998 .

[18]  B. Köstner,et al.  Sapflow measurements in forest stands: methods and uncertainties , 1998 .

[19]  Frederick R. Adler,et al.  Limitation of plant water use by rhizosphere and xylem conductance: results from a model , 1998 .

[20]  J. M. D. Tomaso,et al.  Impact, biology, and ecology of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States , 1998 .

[21]  Practical Design Calculations for Groundwater and Soil Remediation , 1998 .

[22]  Frederick C. Meinzer,et al.  Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[23]  T. Dolphin,et al.  The Capillary Fringe and the Water Table in an Intertidal Estuarine Sand Flat , 1999 .

[24]  F. L. Sinclair,et al.  Sources of error in stem heat balance sap flow measurements , 1999 .

[25]  I. Karube,et al.  Physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress in the mangrove, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza , 2000 .

[26]  J. Sperry.  Hydraulic constraints on plant gas exchange , 2000 .

[27]  David G. Williams,et al.  Water sources used by riparian trees varies among stream types on the San Pedro River, Arizona. , 2000 .

[28]  D. Ellsworth,et al.  Influence of soil porosity on water use in Pinus taeda , 2000, Oecologia.

[29]  Ram Oren,et al.  Analyses of assumptions and errors in the calculation of stomatal conductance from sap flux measurements. , 2000, Tree physiology.

[30]  E. Zavaleta,et al.  The Economic Value of Controlling an Invasive Shrub , 2000 .

[31]  D. Groeneveld,et al.  Transpiration coefficients for three Great Basin shrubs , 2001 .

[32]  A. Lindroth,et al.  Evaluation of heat balance and heat dissipation methods for sapflow measurements in pine and spruce , 2001 .

[33]  Thomas E. Kolb,et al.  Physiological response to groundwater depth varies among species and with river flow regulation , 2001 .

[34]  Thomas Kolb,et al.  Responses of riparian trees to interannual variation in ground water depth in a semi‐arid river basin , 2001 .

[35]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Desert dogma revisited: coupling of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in the desert shrub, Larrea tridentata , 2002 .

[36]  J. Cleverly,et al.  Seasonal estimates of actual evapo-transpiration from Tamarix ramosissima stands using three-dimensional eddy covariance , 2002 .

[37]  J. Gaskin,et al.  Hybrid Tamarix widespread in U.S. invasion and undetected in native Asian range , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[38]  J. Sperry,et al.  Desert shrub water relations with respect to soil characteristics and plant functional type , 2002 .

[39]  K. Hultine,et al.  Hydraulic redistribution by deep roots of a Chihuahuan Desert phreatophyte. , 2003, Tree physiology.

[40]  T. Keefer,et al.  Contrasting patterns of hydraulic redistribution in three desert phreatophytes , 2003, Oecologia.

[41]  D. Hollinger,et al.  Transpiration and canopy conductance in a pristine broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus: an analysis of xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements , 1992, Oecologia.

[42]  J. Gloser,et al.  Pessarakli, M. (ed.): Handbook of Photosynthesis , 1997, Biologia Plantarum.

[43]  G. Naidoo,et al.  Diurnal gas exchange characteristics and water use efficiency of three salt-secreting mangroves at low and high salinities , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[44]  J. Ehleringer,et al.  ECOHYDROLOGY IN A COLORADO RIVER RIPARIAN FOREST: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DECLINE OF POPULUS FREMONTII , 2005 .

[45]  E. Noordman,et al.  SEBAL model with remotely sensed data to improve water-resources management under actual field conditions , 2005 .

[46]  David W. Martin,et al.  The Inappropriate Use of Crop Transpiration Coefficients (Kc) to Estimate Evapotranspiration in Arid Ecosystems: A Review , 2005 .

[47]  R. Mata-González,et al.  Phreatophytic Vegetation and Groundwater Fluctuations: A Review of Current Research and Application of Ecosystem Response Modeling with an Emphasis on Great Basin Vegetation , 2005, Environmental management.

[48]  Da-Quan Xu,et al.  External and Internal Factors Responsible for Midday Depression of Photosynthesis , 2005 .

[49]  E. Vivoni,et al.  Ecohydrology of water‐limited environments: A scientific vision , 2006 .

[50]  J. Sperry,et al.  Influence of soil texture on hydraulic properties and water relations of a dominant warm-desert phreatophyte. , 2006, Tree physiology.

[51]  W. Rawls,et al.  Soil Water Characteristic Estimates by Texture and Organic Matter for Hydrologic Solutions , 2006 .

[52]  David G. Williams,et al.  Hydrogen isotope fractionation during water uptake by woody xerophytes , 2007, Plant and Soil.

[53]  David C. Goodrich,et al.  Controls on transpiration in a semiarid riparian cottonwood forest , 2006 .

[54]  L. Ridolfi,et al.  Vegetation dynamics induced by phreatophyte--aquifer interactions. , 2007, Journal of theoretical biology.

[55]  Pamela L. Nagler,et al.  Integrating Remote Sensing and Ground Methods to Estimate Evapotranspiration , 2007 .

[56]  G. Bohrer,et al.  Effects of hydraulic architecture and spatial variation in light on mean stomatal conductance of tree branches and crowns. , 2007, Plant, cell & environment.

[57]  L. Gazarini,et al.  Gas exchange in the salt marsh species Atriplex portulacoides L. and Limoniastrum monopetalum L. in Southern Portugal , 2007, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum.

[58]  J. Fisher,et al.  Nighttime transpiration in woody plants from contrasting ecosystems. , 2007, Tree physiology.

[59]  William M. Baugh,et al.  Annual groundwater evapotranspiration mapped from single satellite scenes , 2007 .

[60]  James J. Butler,et al.  A field investigation of phreatophyte‐induced fluctuations in the water table , 2007 .

[61]  R. Scott,et al.  The ecohydrologic significance of hydraulic redistribution in a semiarid savanna , 2008 .

[62]  T. Mclendon,et al.  Partitioning the use of precipitation- and groundwater-derived moisture by vegetation in an arid ecosystem in California , 2008 .

[63]  P. Shafroth,et al.  Restoration Ecology and Invasive Riparian Plants: An Introduction to the Special Section on Tamarix spp. in Western North America , 2008 .

[64]  M. Mccabe,et al.  Estimating Land Surface Evaporation: A Review of Methods Using Remotely Sensed Surface Temperature Data , 2008 .

[65]  Paul C. Stoy,et al.  Estimating components of forest evapotranspiration: A footprint approach for scaling sap flux measurements , 2008 .

[66]  Pamela L. Nagler,et al.  Wide‐Area Estimates of Stand Structure and Water Use of Tamarix spp. on the Lower Colorado River: Implications for Restoration and Water Management Projects , 2008 .

[67]  Pablo González-Altozano,et al.  Comparative assessment of five methods of determining sap flow in peach trees , 2008 .

[68]  Pamela L. Nagler,et al.  Multiyear riparian evapotranspiration and groundwater use for a semiarid watershed , 2008 .

[69]  I. Jolly,et al.  A review of groundwater–surface water interactions in arid/semi‐arid wetlands and the consequences of salinity for wetland ecology , 2008 .

[70]  J. Cleverly,et al.  Nocturnal transpiration in riparian Tamarix thickets authenticated by sap flux, eddy covariance and leaf gas exchange measurements. , 2008, Tree physiology.

[71]  R. Froend,et al.  Water stress vulnerability of four Banksia species in contrasting ecohydrological habitats on the Gnangara Mound, Western Australia. , 2009, Plant, cell & environment.

[72]  James J. Butler,et al.  Patterns of Tamarix water use during a record drought , 2010, Oecologia.

[73]  K. Didan,et al.  Wide‐area estimates of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) evapotranspiration on the lower Colorado River measured by heat balance and remote sensing methods , 2009 .

[74]  R. Scott Murray,et al.  An Empirical Algorithm for Estimating Agricultural and Riparian Evapotranspiration Using MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index and Ground Measurements of ET. I. Description of Method , 2009, Remote. Sens..

[75]  M. Cavanaugh.  EVAPOTRANSPIRATION PARTITIONING IN SEMIARID CREOSOTEBUSH DOMINATED ECOSYSTEMS: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPLICATIONS OF SOIL MOISTURE CONTROL ON SHRUBLAND TRANSPIRATION , 2009 .

[76]  R. B. Jackson,et al.  Hydraulic lift and tolerance to salinity of semiarid species: consequences for species interactions , 2009, Oecologia.

[77]  Sumantra Chatterjee,et al.  ESTIMATING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION USING REMOTE SENSING: A HYBRID APPROACH BETWEEN MODIS DERIVED ENHANCED VEGETATION INDEX, BOWEN RATIO SYSTEM, AND GROUND BASED MICRO-METEOROLOGICAL DATA , 2010 .

[78]  J. Ehleringer,et al.  Sap flux-scaled transpiration by tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) before, during and after episodic defoliation by the saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda carinulata) , 2010 .

[79]  A. Huete,et al.  MODIS Vegetation Indices , 2010 .

[80]  S. Taghvaeian.  Water and Energy Balance of a Riparian and Agricultural Ecosystem along the Lower Colorado River , 2011 .

[81]  Catherine S. Jarnevich,et al.  Distribution and Abundance of Saltcedar and Russian Olive in the Western United States , 2011 .

[82]  Jianting Zhu,et al.  Interference of river level changes on riparian zone evapotranspiration estimates from diurnal groundwater level fluctuations , 2011 .

[83]  A. Rinaldo,et al.  Stochastic modeling of salt accumulation in the root zone due to capillary flux from brackish groundwater , 2011 .

[84]  P. Nagler,et al.  Vegetation index‐based crop coefficients to estimate evapotranspiration by remote sensing in agricultural and natural ecosystems , 2011 .

[85]  Tim R. McVicar,et al.  Correcting for systematic error in satellite-derived latent heat flux due to assumptions in temporal scaling: Assessment from flux tower observations , 2011 .

[86]  L. S. Pereira,et al.  Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy , 2011 .

[87]  Saleh Taghvaeian,et al.  Water balance of irrigated areas: a remote sensing approach , 2011 .

[88]  D. Susong,et al.  Phreatophytic land-cover map of the northern and central Great Basin Ecoregion: California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, and Wyoming , 2011 .

[89]  P. Nagler,et al.  Roles of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and capillary rise in salinizing a non-flooding terrace on a flow-regulated desert river , 2012 .

[90]  H. Geli.  Modeling spatial surface energy fluxes of agricultural and riparian vegetation using remote sensing , 2012 .

[91]  Steven P. Loheide,et al.  Monitoring and modeling water‐vegetation interactions in groundwater‐dependent ecosystems , 2012 .

[92]  Elise Pendall,et al.  Sap flux-scaled transpiration and stomatal conductance response to soil and atmospheric drought in a semi-arid sagebrush ecosystem , 2012 .

[93]  N. Bazihizina,et al.  Plant growth and physiology under heterogeneous salinity , 2012, Plant and Soil.

[94]  J. Monteith,et al.  Principles of Environmental Physics , 2014 .