Information networks in the mammary gland

Unique developmental features during puberty, pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation make the mammary gland a prime object to explore genetic circuits that control the specification, proliferation, differentiation, survival and death of cells. Steroids and simple peptide hormones initiate and carry out complex developmental programmes, and reverse genetics has been used to define the underlying mechanistic connections.

[1]  B. Groner,et al.  Mammary gland biology and breast cancer , 2006, EMBO reports.

[2]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Loss of interleukin 6 results in delayed mammary gland involution: a possible role for mitogen-activated protein kinase and not signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. , 2002, Molecular endocrinology.

[3]  B. Groner,et al.  Mammary gland factor (MGF) is a novel member of the cytokine regulated transcription factor gene family and confers the prolactin response. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[4]  F. DeMayo,et al.  Subgroup of reproductive functions of progesterone mediated by progesterone receptor-B isoform. , 2000, Science.

[5]  B. Groner,et al.  Cloning and expression of Stat5 and an additional homologue (Stat5b) involved in prolactin signal transduction in mouse mammary tissue. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[6]  W. Alexander,et al.  Placental defects and embryonic lethality in mice lacking suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  B. Asch,et al.  Methods in Mammary Gland Biology and Breast Cancer Research , 2000, Springer US.

[8]  F. Talamantes,et al.  Galanin regulates prolactin release and lactotroph proliferation. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[9]  J. G. Zhang,et al.  SOCS1 deficiency results in accelerated mammary gland development and rescues lactation in prolactin receptor-deficient mice. , 2001, Genes & development.

[10]  D. Levy,et al.  Deletion of Stat3 blocks mammary gland involution and extends functional competence of the secretory epithelium in the absence of lactogenic stimuli. , 2002, Endocrinology.

[11]  K. Willecke,et al.  Loss of connexin 26 in mammary epithelium during early but not during late pregnancy results in unscheduled apoptosis and impaired development. , 2004, Developmental biology.

[12]  James A. Clark,et al.  Mammary Gland Development in Adult Mice Requires Epithelial and Stromal Estrogen Receptor α. , 2002, Endocrinology.

[13]  W Godolphin,et al.  Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. , 1989, Science.

[14]  Z. Werb,et al.  Signaling through the stromal epidermal growth factor receptor is necessary for mammary ductal development. , 1999, Development.

[15]  J. Li,et al.  A novel LacZ reporter mouse reveals complex regulation of the progesterone receptor promoter during mammary gland development. , 2002, Molecular endocrinology.

[16]  R. Weinberg,et al.  A paracrine role for the epithelial progesterone receptor in mammary gland development. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  J. Ihle.  The Stat family in cytokine signaling. , 2001, Current opinion in cell biology.

[18]  J C Reed,et al.  Apoptosis in the terminal endbud of the murine mammary gland: a mechanism of ductal morphogenesis. , 1996, Development.

[19]  R. Kitazawa,et al.  Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand induction via Jak2 and Stat5a in mammary epithelial cells. , 2003, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[20]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  The Stat3/5 locus encodes novel endoplasmic reticulum and helicase-like proteins that are preferentially expressed in normal and neoplastic mammary tissue. , 2001, Genomics.

[21]  G. Stamp,et al.  Mice lacking cyclin D1 are small and show defects in eye and mammary gland development. , 1995, Genes & development.

[22]  Alan Ashworth,et al.  Stem cells and breast cancer: A field in transit , 2003, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[23]  R. Weinberg,et al.  Prolactin controls mammary gland development via direct and indirect mechanisms. , 1999, Developmental biology.

[24]  H. Bern,et al.  Development of mammary tumors from hyperplastic alveolar nodules transplanted into gland-free mammary fat pads of female C3H mice. , 1959, Cancer research.

[25]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Identification of genes differentially expressed in mouse mammary epithelium transformed by an activated β-catenin , 2003, Oncogene.

[26]  B. Vonderhaar.  Prolactin involvement in breast cancer. , 1999, Endocrine-related cancer.

[27]  M. Naylor,et al.  The Neuropeptide Galanin Augments Lobuloalveolar Development* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[28]  A. Wärri,et al.  Involvement of estrogen receptor β in terminal differentiation of mammary gland epithelium , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Conditional deletion of the bcl-x gene from mouse mammary epithelium results in accelerated apoptosis during involution but does not compromise cell function during lactation , 2001, Mechanisms of Development.

[30]  I. Kola,et al.  Elf5 is essential for early embryogenesis and mammary gland development during pregnancy and lactation , 2005, The EMBO journal.

[31]  A. Yoshimura,et al.  Regulation and function of the cytokine-inducible SH-2 domain proteins, CIS and SOCS3, in mammary epithelial cells. , 2002, Molecular endocrinology.

[32]  C. Deng,et al.  Inactivation of Stat5 in Mouse Mammary Epithelium during Pregnancy Reveals Distinct Functions in Cell Proliferation, Survival, and Differentiation , 2004, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[33]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Signaling pathways in mammary gland development. , 2001, Developmental cell.

[34]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Stat5a is mandatory for adult mammary gland development and lactogenesis. , 1997, Genes & development.

[35]  R. Weinberg,et al.  IGF-2 is a mediator of prolactin-induced morphogenesis in the breast. , 2002, Developmental cell.

[36]  G. Mann,et al.  A mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor in waved-2 mice has a profound effect on receptor biochemistry that results in impaired lactation. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  D. Stern,et al.  Neural and mammary gland defects in ErbB4 knockout mice genetically rescued from embryonic lethality , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[38]  P. Hertzog,et al.  A major site of expression of the ets transcription factor Elf5 is epithelia of exocrine glands , 2004, Histochemistry and Cell Biology.

[39]  A. Ullrich,et al.  Mammary Gland Remodeling Depends on gp130 Signaling through Stat3 and MAPK* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[40]  H. Rui,et al.  Impaired Alveologenesis and Maintenance of Secretory Mammary Epithelial Cells in Jak2 Conditional Knockout Mice , 2004, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[41]  D. Stern,et al.  Expression of dominant-negative ErbB2 in the mammary gland of transgenic mice reveals a role in lobuloalveolar development and lactation , 1999, Oncogene.

[42]  M. Naylor,et al.  Prolactin regulates mammary epithelial cell proliferation via autocrine/paracrine mechanism , 2003, Endocrine.

[43]  S. Elledge,et al.  Cyclin D1 provides a link between development and oncogenesis in the retina and breast , 1995, Cell.

[44]  J. Penninger,et al.  RANK-L and RANK: T cells, bone loss, and mammalian evolution. , 2002, Annual review of immunology.

[45]  P. Kelly,et al.  Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces multiple reproductive defects in the mouse. , 1997, Genes & development.

[46]  James A. Clark,et al.  Induction of Mammary Gland Development in Estrogen Receptor-α Knockout Mice. , 2000, Endocrinology.

[47]  E. Schmidt,et al.  IKKα Provides an Essential Link between RANK Signaling and Cyclin D1 Expression during Mammary Gland Development , 2001, Cell.

[48]  P. Kelly,et al.  A short form of the prolactin (PRL) receptor is able to rescue mammopoiesis in heterozygous PRL receptor mice. , 2003, Molecular endocrinology.

[49]  G. Shyamala,et al.  Progesterone receptors in the mouse mammary duct: distribution and developmental regulation. , 1996, Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[50]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Think globally, act locally: the making of a mouse mammary gland. , 1998, Genes & development.

[51]  A. Ullrich,et al.  Beyond Herceptin and Gleevec. , 2003, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[52]  D. Lacey,et al.  The Osteoclast Differentiation Factor Osteoprotegerin-Ligand Is Essential for Mammary Gland Development , 2000, Cell.

[53]  D. Accili,et al.  Rescue of Mammary Epithelium of Early Lethal Phenotypes by Embryonic Mammary Gland Transplantation as Exemplified with Insulin Receptor Null Mice , 2000 .

[54]  J. Visvader,et al.  Investigation of the transcriptional changes underlying functional defects in the mammary glands of prolactin receptor knockout mice. , 2003, Recent progress in hormone research.

[55]  Adrian V. Lee,et al.  Disruption of steroid and prolactin receptor patterning in the mammary gland correlates with a block in lobuloalveolar development. , 2002, Molecular endocrinology.

[56]  Robert Weinberg,et al.  The signaling domain of the erythropoietin receptor rescues prolactin receptor-mutant mammary epithelium , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[57]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 5 controls the proliferation and differentiation of mammary alveolar epithelium , 2001, The Journal of cell biology.

[58]  J. Rosen,et al.  Distal regulatory elements required for rat whey acidic protein gene expression in transgenic mice. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[59]  Y. J. Topper,et al.  Multiple hormone interactions in the developmental biology of the mammary gland. , 1980, Physiological reviews.

[60]  Michael P. Brown,et al.  Stat5a and Stat5b Proteins Have Essential and Nonessential, or Redundant, Roles in Cytokine Responses , 1998, Cell.

[61]  Lothar Hennighausen,et al.  Proteotyping of Mammary Tissue from Transgenic and Gene Knockout Mice with Immunohistochemical Markers: a Tool To Define Developmental Lesions , 2003, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[62]  Masato Kubo,et al.  Suppressors of cytokine signaling and immunity , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[63]  David C. Lee,et al.  Targeted inactivation of the EGF and amphiregulin genes reveals distinct roles for EGF receptor ligands in mouse mammary gland development. , 1999, Development.

[64]  P. Kelly,et al.  Prolactin, growth hormone, and epidermal growth factor activate Stat5 in different compartments of mammary tissue and exert different and overlapping developmental effects. , 2001, Developmental biology.

[65]  H. Lodish,et al.  Fetal Anemia and Apoptosis of Red Cell Progenitors in Stat5a−/−5b−/− Mice A Direct Role for Stat5 in Bcl-XL Induction , 1999, Cell.

[66]  C. Boulanger,et al.  Mammary epithelial stem cells: transplantation and self‐renewal analysis , 2003, Cell proliferation.

[67]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  An Ets site in the whey acidic protein gene promoter mediates transcriptional activation in the mammary gland of pregnant mice but is dispensable during lactation. , 1995, Molecular endocrinology.

[68]  S. Nandi,et al.  Regulation of mammary epithelial cell growth in mice and rats. , 1990, Endocrine reviews.

[69]  F. DeMayo,et al.  Defective mammary gland morphogenesis in mice lacking the progesterone receptor B isoform , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[70]  R. Snell,et al.  Requirement of STAT5b for sexual dimorphism of body growth rates and liver gene expression. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[71]  N. Zeps,et al.  Murine Progesterone Receptor Expression in Proliferating Mammary Epithelial Cells During Normal Pubertal Development and Adult Estrous Cycle: Association with ERα and ERβ Status , 1999, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[72]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Jak2 is an essential tyrosine kinase involved in pregnancy-mediated development of mammary secretory epithelium. , 2002, Molecular endocrinology.

[73]  Impaired differentiation and lactational failure of Erbb4-deficient mammary glands identify ERBB4 as an obligate mediator of STAT5 , 2003, Development.

[74]  C. Watson,et al.  A dual, non-redundant, role for LIF as a regulator of development and STAT3-mediated cell death in mammary gland , 2003, Development.

[75]  J. Cross,et al.  SOCS3: an essential regulator of LIF receptor signaling in trophoblast giant cell differentiation , 2003, The EMBO journal.

[76]  David S. Park,et al.  Caveolin-1-deficient mice show accelerated mammary gland development during pregnancy, premature lactation, and hyperactivation of the Jak-2/STAT5a signaling cascade. , 2002, Molecular biology of the cell.

[77]  P. Kelly,et al.  Cloning and expression of the rat prolactin receptor, a member of the growth hormone/prolactin receptor gene family , 1988, Cell.

[78]  G. Smith,et al.  An entire functional mammary gland may comprise the progeny from a single cell. , 1998, Development.

[79]  B. O’Malley,et al.  Mice lacking progesterone receptor exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities. , 1995, Genes & development.

[80]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Comparison of the regulation of the whey acidic protein gene with that of a hybrid gene containing the whey acidic protein gene promoter in transgenic mice. , 1988, Molecular endocrinology.

[81]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  An adjunct mammary epithelial cell population in parous females: its role in functional adaptation and tissue renewal. , 2002, Development.