Behavioral and physiological response to the presence of a friendly or neutral person in two types of stressful situations.

Simultaneous measures of physiological arousal and affiliativc behavior were taken while subjects waited for a threatening event. One hundred and twenty males were randomly distributed over a 2X2X3 design. Firstborn or later born subjects were threatened with shock (Tear) or with sucking on infantile oral objects (embarrassment). They waited either alone, with a supportive person, or with a neutral person. The major findings were: (a) embarrassment subjects were less affiliativc and more aroused with the other than were fear subjects, (6) firstborns engaged in more affiliative behavior, particularly with the supportive person, but were not more calmed by the other than later borns, and (c) subjects with the supportive other were more affiliative and more aroused than subjects with the neutral other.

[1]  J. Lacey,et al.  Individual differences in somatic response patterns. , 1950, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[2]  D. C. Glass.  CHANGES IN LIKING AS A MEANS OF REDUCING COGNITIVE DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM AND AGGRESSION. , 1964, Journal of personality.

[3]  D. Marlowe,et al.  A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. , 1960, Journal of consulting psychology.

[4]  E. W. Bovard.  The effects of early handling on viability of the albino rat. , 1958, Psychological review.

[5]  I. Janis,et al.  Sex differences and personality factors related to persuasibility. , 1959 .

[6]  D. B. Duncan.  MULTIPLE RANGE AND MULTIPLE F TESTS , 1955 .

[7]  R. Haber,et al.  Anxiety in academic achievement situations. , 1960, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[8]  Lykken Dt,et al.  Properties of electrodes used in electrodermal measurement. , 1959 .

[9]  L. Benjamin.  Statistical Treatment of the Law of Initial Values (LIV) in Autonomic Research: A Review and Recommendation , 1963, Psychosomatic medicine.

[10]  Skin conductance, heart rate, and attention to the environment in two stressful situations , 1970 .

[11]  J. Taylor,et al.  A personality scale of manifest anxiety. , 1953, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[12]  S KISSEL,et al.  STRESS-REDUCING PROPERTIES OF SOCIAL STIMULI. , 1965, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[13]  F. Atelsek,et al.  Firo: A Three-Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior , 1959 .

[14]  S. Schachter.  The Psychology Of Affiliation , 1959 .

[15]  Sigmund Freud,et al.  The Problem Of Anxiety , 1936 .

[16]  P. Zimbardo,et al.  Anxiety, fear, and social affiliation. , 2011, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[17]  R. H. Walters,et al.  Social Motivation, Dependency, and Susceptibility to Social Influence1 , 1964 .

[18]  J. W. Atkinson.  Motives In Fantasy, Action, And Society , 1958 .

[19]  J. Montagu,et al.  Mechanism and measurement of the galvanic skin response. , 1966, Psychological bulletin.

[20]  P. Zimbardo,et al.  Emotional comparison and self-esteem as determinants of affiliation. , 1963, Journal of personality.

[21]  P. Zimbardo,et al.  Motives for fear-induced affiliation: emotional comparison or interpersonal similarity? , 1966, Journal of personality.

[22]  Donn Byrne,et al.  Approach and avoidance affiliation motives1 , 1963 .

[23]  Wright Ls,et al.  Effects of waiting with others on changes in level of felt anxiety. , 1960 .

[24]  E. W. Bovard.  The effects of social stimuli on the response to stress. , 1959, Psychological review.