Multidimensional Scaling and Clustering in Marketing: Paul Green’s Role

This paper is divided into two main parts: The first concerns the history of Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), focusing especially on Paul Green’s role in defining the role of MDS in marketing. The second concerns Clustering, again emphasizing Green’s role in defining the theory and practice of clustering methodology applied to marketing, both in the form of market segmentation and various tools used in competitive market structure analysis.

[1]  R. Luce,et al.  Simultaneous conjoint measurement: A new type of fundamental measurement , 1964 .

[2]  J. Ramsay Maximum likelihood estimation in multidimensional scaling , 1977 .

[3]  R. MacCallum,et al.  Effects of conditionality on INDSCAL and ALSCAL weights , 1977 .

[4]  W. DeSarbo,et al.  A Parametric Multidimensional Unfolding Procedure for Incomplete Nonmetric Preference/Choice Set Data in Marketing Research , 1997 .

[5]  Karl Christoph Klauer,et al.  New developments in psychological choice modeling , 1989 .

[6]  Paul E. Green,et al.  K-modes Clustering , 2001, J. Classif..

[7]  B. Mellers,et al.  Similarity and Choice. , 1994 .

[8]  Wayne S. DeSarbo,et al.  Tree Representations of Rectangular Proximity Matrices , 1984 .

[9]  S. C. Johnson Hierarchical clustering schemes , 1967, Psychometrika.

[10]  J. Gower Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis , 1966 .

[11]  Bruno Leclerc,et al.  Consensus of classifications: the case of trees , 1998 .

[12]  G. W. Milligan,et al.  A Study of the Comparability of External Criteria for Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. , 1986, Multivariate behavioral research.

[13]  P. Arabie,et al.  Overlapping Clustering: A New Method for Product Positioning , 1981 .

[14]  Russell S. Winer,et al.  An Empirical Evaluation of Aggregation Approaches for Developing Market Segments , 1982 .

[15]  J. Carroll,et al.  Synthesized clustering: A method for amalgamating alternative clustering bases with differential weighting of variables , 1984 .

[16]  Roger N. Shepard,et al.  Additive clustering: Representation of similarities as combinations of discrete overlapping properties. , 1979 .

[17]  E. Holman Completely nonmetric multidimensional scaling , 1978 .

[18]  Yoram Wind,et al.  Introduction to Special Section on Market Segmentation Research , 1978 .

[19]  P. Green,et al.  An Investigation of the Efficacy of Univariate Screening Measures in Defining Market Structure , 2000 .

[20]  Paul E. Green,et al.  On the Robustness of Multidimensional Scaling Techniques , 1975 .

[21]  A. Householder,et al.  Discussion of a set of points in terms of their mutual distances , 1938 .

[22]  Wagner A. Kamakura,et al.  Inferring Market Structure from Customer Response to Competing and Complementary Products , 2001 .

[23]  H. Macfie,et al.  Key Texts in Multidimensional Scaling , 1984 .

[24]  Juyoung Kim,et al.  A Gravity‐Based Multidimensional Scaling Model for Deriving Spatial Structures Underlying Consumer Preference/Choice Judgments , 2002 .

[25]  J. Carroll,et al.  Guest Editorial: Psychometric Methods in Marketing Research: Part I, Conjoint Analysis , 1995 .

[26]  W. DeSarbo,et al.  Stochastic Tree Unfolding (STUN) Models , 1987 .

[27]  Ma Conway,et al.  Handbook of perception and cognition , 1996 .

[28]  D. Ennis,et al.  Market Segmentation: A Review , 1987 .

[29]  J. Douglas Carroll,et al.  Psychometric Methods in Marketing Research: Part II, Multidimensional Scaling , 1997 .

[30]  Jerry Wind,et al.  Courtyard by Marriott: Designing a Hotel Facility with Consumer-Based Marketing Models , 1989 .

[31]  John Saunders,et al.  Market Segmentation and Positioning in Specialized Industrial Markets , 1985 .

[32]  M. Wedel,et al.  Market Segmentation: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations , 1997 .

[33]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Cluster Analysis in Test Market Selection , 1967 .

[34]  W. DeSarbo,et al.  A Bayesian Multidimensional Scaling Procedure for the Spatial Analysis of Revealed Choice Data , 1998 .

[35]  J. Chang,et al.  Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an n-way generalization of “Eckart-Young” decomposition , 1970 .

[36]  Rajendra K. Srivastava,et al.  Inferring Market Structure with Aggregate Data: A Latent Segment Logit Approach , 1993 .

[37]  P. Arabie,et al.  Mapclus: A mathematical programming approach to fitting the adclus model , 1980 .

[38]  G. De Soete,et al.  Clustering and Classification , 2019, Data-Driven Science and Engineering.

[39]  Wagner A. Kamakura,et al.  Issues in the estimation and application of latent structure models of choice , 1994 .

[40]  Wayne S. DeSarbo,et al.  An Integrated Approach toward the Spatial Modeling of Perceived Customer Value , 1998 .

[41]  Michel Wedel,et al.  A Multidimensional Scaling Model Accommodating Differential Stimulus Familiarity , 1998, Multivariate behavioral research.

[42]  H. L. Le Roy,et al.  Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability; Vol. IV , 1969 .

[43]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Preference mapping of conjoint-based profiles: An INDSCAL approach , 1989 .

[44]  L. Hubert,et al.  Iterative projection strategies for the least-squares fitting of tree structures to proximity data , 1995 .

[45]  P. Green,et al.  Market Segmentation Involving Mixtures of Quantitative and Qualitative Variables , 2000 .

[46]  Wayne S. DeSarbo,et al.  A Quasi-Metric Approach to Multidimensional Unfolding for Reducing the Occurrence of Degenerate Solutions. , 1999, Multivariate behavioral research.

[47]  P. Green,et al.  A preliminary study of optimal variable weighting in k-means clustering , 1990 .

[48]  Paul R. Prabhaker,et al.  Notes on Aggregation Criteria in Market Segmentation , 1984 .

[49]  J. Kruskal Analysis of Factorial Experiments by Estimating Monotone Transformations of the Data , 1965 .

[50]  J. Kruskal The Relationship between Multidimensional Scaling and Clustering , 1977 .

[51]  G. N. Lance,et al.  A General Theory of Classificatory Sorting Strategies: 1. Hierarchical Systems , 1967, Comput. J..

[52]  M. Brusco,et al.  A variable-selection heuristic for K-means clustering , 2001 .

[53]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Software Review@@@SPSS for Windows@@@CHAID 6.0 , 1995 .

[54]  W. Torgerson Multidimensional scaling: I. Theory and method , 1952 .

[55]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Multidimensional Scaling: An Introduction and Comparison of Nonmetric Unfolding Techniques , 1969 .

[56]  W. DeSarbo,et al.  A maximum likelihood methodology for clusterwise linear regression , 1988 .

[57]  Lawrence Hubert,et al.  The analysis of proximity matrices through sums of matrices having (anti‐)Robinson forms , 1994 .

[58]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Vendor Evaluation Using Cluster Analysis , 1969 .

[59]  G. W. Milligan,et al.  A validation study of a variable weighting algorithm for cluster analysis , 1989 .

[60]  E. Degreef,et al.  Trends in mathematical psychology , 1984 .

[61]  Lawrence Hubert,et al.  Linear and circular unidimensional scaling for symmetric proximity matrices , 1997 .

[62]  L. Hubert,et al.  The approximation of two-mode proximity matrices by sums of order-constrained matrices , 1995 .

[63]  P. Green Marketing Applications of MDS: Assessment and Outlook , 1975 .

[64]  J. Carroll,et al.  An alternating combinatorial optimization approach to fitting the INDCLUS and generalized INDCLUS models , 1994 .

[65]  Lawrence Hubert,et al.  Graph-theoretic representations for proximity matrices through strongly-anti-Robinson or circular strongly-anti-Robinson matrices , 1998 .

[66]  R. Shepard The analysis of proximities: Multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. II , 1962 .

[67]  Michel Wedel,et al.  A Comparison of Multidimensional Scaling Methods for Perceptual Mapping , 1999 .

[68]  Vithala R. Rao,et al.  Multidimensional Scaling and Individual Differences , 1971 .

[69]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Reply to Greenacre's Commentary on the Carroll-Green-Schaffer Scaling of Two-Way Correspondence Analysis Solutions , 1989 .

[70]  Roger N. Shepard,et al.  Multidimensional scaling : theory and applications in the behavioral sciences , 1974 .

[71]  J. Carroll Multidimensional Scaling in Psychology , 2001 .

[72]  Michael J. Baker Research for Marketing , 1991 .

[73]  Phipps Arabie,et al.  Was euclid an unnecessarily sophisticated psychologist? , 1991 .

[74]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Superordinate factorial designs in the analysis of consumer judgments , 1976 .

[75]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Measurement and Data Analysis , 1970 .

[76]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Multidimensional scaling and related techniques in marketing analysis , 1971 .

[77]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Nonmetric approaches to multivariate analysis in marketing , 1970 .

[78]  J Meulman,et al.  Modelling dissimilarity: generalizing ultrametric and additive tree representations. , 2001, The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology.

[79]  Paul E. Green,et al.  A Note on Proximity Measures and Cluster Analysis , 1969 .

[80]  J. Carroll,et al.  Two Classes of Stochastic Tree Unfolding Models , 1989 .

[81]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Numerical Taxonomy in Marketing Analysis: A Review Article , 1968 .

[82]  C. J. Jardine,et al.  The structure and construction of taxonomic hierarchies , 1967 .

[83]  J. Carroll,et al.  Interpoint Distance Comparisons in Correspondence Analysis , 1986 .

[84]  Robert F. Ling,et al.  Classification and Clustering. , 1979 .

[85]  J. Kruskal,et al.  Candelinc: A general approach to multidimensional analysis of many-way arrays with linear constraints on parameters , 1980 .

[86]  Sharon L. Weinberg,et al.  The Recovery of Structure in Linear and Ordinal Data: INDSCAL versus ALSCAL , 1993 .

[87]  Girish N. Punj,et al.  Cluster Analysis in Marketing Research: Review and Suggestions for Application , 1983 .

[88]  P. Green,et al.  A Note on the Multidimensional Scaling of Conditional Proximity Data , 1970 .

[89]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Recent contributions to optimal product positioning and buyer segmentation , 1989 .

[90]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Consumer Segmentation Via Latent Class Analysis , 1976 .

[91]  Indrajit Sinha,et al.  A stochastic multidimensional unfolding approach for representing phased decision outcomes , 1996 .

[92]  James O. Ramsay,et al.  The joint analysis of direct ratings, pairwise preferences, and dissimilarities , 1980 .

[93]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Multidimensional Scaling: Concepts and Applications , 1989 .

[94]  W. DeSarbo,et al.  Three-way metric unfolding via alternating weighted least squares , 1985 .

[95]  J. Douglas Carroll,et al.  Psychometric Methods in Marketing Research: Part I, Conjoint Analysis , 1995 .

[96]  W. DeSarbo,et al.  A mixture likelihood approach for generalized linear models , 1995 .

[97]  J. Carroll,et al.  Spatial, non-spatial and hybrid models for scaling , 1976 .

[98]  Paul E. Green,et al.  A new approach to market segmentation , 1977 .

[99]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Common Stock Perception and Preference: An Application of Multidimensional Scaling , 1969 .

[100]  Vithala R. Rao,et al.  Configuration Synthesis in Multidimensional Scaling , 1972 .

[101]  P. Green,et al.  Cluster-Based Market Segmentation: Some Further Comparisons of Alternative Approaches , 1998 .

[102]  J. Kruskal Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method , 1964 .

[103]  C. Coombs A theory of data. , 1965, Psychology Review.

[104]  Michel Wedel,et al.  Implications for Asymmetry, Nonproportionality, and Heterogeneity in Brand Switching from Piece-wise Exponential Mixture Hazard Models , 1995 .

[105]  P. Green,et al.  A Generalized Rand-Index Method for Consensus Clustering of Separate Partitions of the Same Data Base , 1999 .

[106]  C. R. Patty,et al.  New essays in marketing theory , 1972 .

[107]  Phipps Arabie,et al.  Three-way scaling and clustering. , 1987 .

[108]  Vijay Mahajan,et al.  An Approach to Normative Segmentation , 1978 .

[109]  J. Kruskal Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis , 1964 .

[110]  G. De Soete,et al.  A new stochastic ultrametric tree unfolding methodology for assessing competitive market structure and deriving market segments , 1988 .

[111]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Book Review: Software Review: SPSS for Windows, Chaid 6.0 , 1995 .

[112]  Kohsuke Ogawa,et al.  An Approach to Simultaneous Estimation and Segmentation in Conjoint Analysis , 1987 .

[113]  V. Srinivasan,et al.  An Approach for Tracking Within-Segment Shifts in Market Shares , 1989 .

[114]  P. Arabie,et al.  Cluster analysis in marketing research , 1994 .

[115]  J. Douglas Carroll,et al.  A perceptual mapping procedure for analysis of proximity data to determine common and unique product-market structures , 1998, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[116]  Forrest W. Young,et al.  Nonmetric individual differences multidimensional scaling: An alternating least squares method with optimal scaling features , 1977 .

[117]  Paul E. Green,et al.  A Computational Study of Replicated Clustering with an Application to Market Segmentation , 1991 .

[118]  Joseph L. Zinnes,et al.  Theory and Methods of Scaling. , 1958 .

[119]  Geoffrey J. McLachlan,et al.  Mixture models : inference and applications to clustering , 1989 .

[120]  J. Carroll,et al.  A Feature-Based Approach to Market Segmentation via Overlapping K-Centroids Clustering , 1997 .

[121]  Ali Kara,et al.  HINoV: A New Model to Improve Market Segment Definition by Identifying Noisy Variables , 1999 .

[122]  Michel Wedel,et al.  An Exponential-Family Multidimensional Scaling Mixture Methodology , 1996 .

[123]  Yoram Wind,et al.  Issues and Advances in Segmentation Research , 1978 .

[124]  J. Ramsay MULTISCALE: A Multidimensional Scaling Program , 1983 .

[125]  H. Law Research methods for multimode data analysis , 1984 .

[126]  J. MacQueen Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations , 1967 .

[127]  Phipps Arabie,et al.  AN OVERVIEW OF COMBINATORIAL DATA ANALYSIS , 1996 .

[128]  E. Aronson,et al.  Theory and method , 1985 .

[129]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Segment Congruence Analysis: A Method for Analyzing Association Among Alternative Bases for Market , 1977 .

[130]  William R. Dillon,et al.  Marketing research in a marketing environment , 1990 .

[131]  Dawn Iacobucci,et al.  Recommendation agents on the internet , 2000 .

[132]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Applied multidimensional scaling : a comparison of approaches and algorithms , 1972 .

[133]  G. W. Milligan,et al.  CLUSTERING VALIDATION: RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR APPLIED ANALYSES , 1996 .

[134]  Wayne S. DeSarbo,et al.  A Latent Class Binomial Logit Methodology for the Analysis of Paired Comparison Choice Data: An Application Reinvestigating the Determinants of Perceived Risk , 1993 .

[135]  P. Green,et al.  Alternative approaches to cluster-based market segmentation , 1995 .

[136]  George W. Furnas,et al.  The estimation of ultrametric and path length trees from rectangular proximity data , 1984 .

[137]  Hans-Hermann Bock,et al.  Data Science, Classification and Related Methods , 1998 .

[138]  Paul E. Green,et al.  A simple procedure for finding a composite of several multidimensional scaling solutions , 1988 .

[139]  J. Carroll,et al.  K-midranges clustering , 1998 .