Biosensor system for continuous glucose monitoring in fish.

A biosensor system was developed for continuous estimation of blood glucose in fish. Because it is difficult to measure blood components in real-time due to decreased sensor output resulting from blood coagulation and coalescing blood proteins at the sensor placement site, we used the eyeball scleral interstitial fluid (EISF) as the site of sensor implantation. Evaluation of the relationship between EISF and blood glucose concentrations revealed that the blood glucose concentration correlated closely with the EISF glucose concentration (y=2.2996+0.9438x, R=0.960, n=112). To take advantage of the close correlation between blood and EISF glucose, we prepared a needle-type enzyme sensor for implantation in the fish sclera using a flexible wire electrode. The sensor provided a rapid response, good linearity, and reproducibility. Continuous glucose monitoring could be carried out by implanting this needle-type glucose sensor onto the eye. The findings indicated that the glucose concentration increased with sensor output current over time, and that changes in the blood glucose were continuously reflected in the EISF. The glucose concentration was estimated based on the one-point or two-point calibration methods. The two-point calibration method yielded the most accurate glucose monitoring (blood glucose range of 70-420 mg dL(-1)) over 160 min. Sensor-estimated glucose and whole blood glucose values were highly correlated (y=0.4401+0.8656x, R=0.958).

[1]  N. Urano,et al.  Enzyme sensor system for determination of total cholesterol in fish plasma , 2003 .

[2]  Seiya Shimoda,et al.  Development of a highly responsive needle-type glucose sensor using polyimide for a wearable artificial endocrine pancreas , 2006, Journal of Artificial Organs.

[3]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Rapid Changes in Local Extracellular Rat Brain Glucose Observed with an In Vivo Glucose Sensor , 1997, Journal of neurochemistry.

[4]  R O Potts,et al.  Correlation of fingerstick blood glucose measurements with GlucoWatch biographer glucose results in young subjects with type 1 diabetes. , 1999, Diabetes care.

[5]  M. Yoshioka,et al.  Sex-specific Cortisol and Sex Steroids Responses in Stressed Sockeye Salmon during Spawning Period , 2001 .

[6]  P. Raskin,et al.  Initial evaluation of a 290-microm diameter subcutaneous glucose sensor: glucose monitoring with a biocompatible, flexible-wire, enzyme-based amperometric microsensor in diabetic and nondiabetic humans. , 1998, Journal of diabetes and its complications.

[7]  M. McArthur,et al.  Transdermal extraction of interstitial fluid by low-frequency ultrasound quantified with 3H2O as a tracer molecule. , 2000, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[8]  Biocompatible glucose sensor prepared by modifying protein and vinylferrocene monomer composite membrane. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  Danila Moscone,et al.  Toward continuous glucose monitoring with planar modified biosensors and microdialysis. Study of temperature, oxygen dependence and in vivo experiment. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[10]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Calibration of a subcutaneous amperometric glucose sensor. Part 1. Effect of measurement uncertainties on the determination of sensor sensitivity and background current. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[11]  S. W. Bonga,et al.  Ambient salinity modulates the response of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), to net confinement , 1999 .

[12]  K. Ogawa,et al.  Physiological responses during stress and subsequent recovery at different salinities in adult pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis , 2001 .

[13]  Rahul Singhal,et al.  Development of a lactate biosensor based on conducting copolymer bound lactate oxidase , 2005 .

[14]  V. Palace,et al.  Effects of acute and subchronic exposures to waterborne selenite on the physiological stress response and oxidative stress indicators in juvenile rainbow trout. , 2007, Aquatic toxicology.

[15]  W H Smart,et al.  The use of silicon microfabrication technology in painless blood glucose monitoring. , 2000, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[16]  Huangxian Ju,et al.  Glucose sensor for flow injection analysis of serum glucose based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in titania sol-gel membrane. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[17]  M. Rise,et al.  The immune and stress responses of Atlantic cod to long-term increases in water temperature. , 2008, Fish & shellfish immunology.

[18]  J. Tzeng,et al.  Rapid Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Using Focused Microwave Digestion Followed by a Titrimetric Method , 2001, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[19]  S. Reddy,et al.  Enzyme-based determination of cholesterol using the quartz crystal acoustic wave sensor , 2003 .

[20]  N. Okamoto,et al.  Correlation Between Plasma Component Levels of Cultured Fish and Resistance to Bacterial Infection , 1998 .

[21]  M. Prausnitz,et al.  Assessment of trueness of a glucose monitor using interstitial fluid and whole blood as specimen matrix. , 2006, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[22]  Joost B. L. Hoekstra,et al.  Pendra goes Dutch; lessons for the CE mark in Europe , 2006 .

[23]  U. Ungerstedt,et al.  Microdialysis measurement of the absolute glucose concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue allowing glucose monitoring in diabetic patients , 1992, Diabetologia.

[24]  Pankaj Vadgama,et al.  Tissue implanted glucose needle electrodes: early sensor stabilisation and achievement of tissue-blood correlation during the run in period , 2005 .

[25]  Ryuzo Kawamori,et al.  The Wearable Artificial Endocrine Pancreas with a Needle‐ Type Glucose Sensor: Perfect Glycemic Control in Ambulatory Diabetics , 1984 .

[26]  Kohji Mitsubayashi,et al.  A needle-type optical enzyme sensor system for determining glucose levels in fish blood. , 2006, Analytica chimica acta.

[27]  M. Ron,et al.  Comparative study of biochemical parameters in response to stress in Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus and two strains of O. niloticus , 2004 .

[28]  J. A. Hubbell,et al.  Design, characterization, and one-point in vivo calibration of a subcutaneously implanted glucose electrode. , 1994, Analytical chemistry.

[29]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Calibration of a subcutaneous amperometric glucose sensor implanted for 7 days in diabetic patients. Part 2. Superiority of the one-point calibration method. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[30]  G M Steil,et al.  Can interstitial glucose assessment replace blood glucose measurements? , 2000, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[31]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[32]  K. Tsukamoto,et al.  Dietary vitamin C improves the quality of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) seedlings , 1998 .

[33]  Takeshi Watanabe,et al.  Plasma Biochemistry and Disease Resistance in Yellowtail Fed a Non-Fish Meal Diet , 1998 .

[34]  S. Hosoya,et al.  Effects of moderately oxidized dietary lipid and the role of vitamin E on the stress response in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) , 2007 .

[35]  Tort,et al.  Cortisol and glucose responses after acute stress by net handling in the sparid red porgy previously subjected to crowding stress , 1997, Journal of fish biology.

[36]  J. Mastrototaro,et al.  The MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system. , 2000, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[37]  G. Iwama,et al.  Changes in free and total plasma cortisol levels in juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) exposed to long-term handling stress. , 2007, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.