Lamb, T. & Reinders, H. 2005 'Learner independence in language teaching: a concept of change'. In: Cunningham, D.& Hatoss, A. An international perspective on language policies, practices and proficiencies. Belgrave: FIPLV. LEARNER INDEPENDENCE IN LANGUAGE TEACHING: A CONCEPT OF CHANGE

Numerous changes have taken place in the field of language teaching in recent times. Some have to do with a change in how learners and their learning are viewed. Others result from the emergence of new opportunities and environments for learning, such as electronic communication or distance learning. Finally there is the reality of teaching in a world that places everchanging demands and challenges on teachers, learners and institutions alike. A result of all of these is an increased interest in and need for the development of learner independence in all its forms. Different challenges in different contexts have led to different responses from the teaching profession. In this article we explore these challenges and responses and describe the different ways in which learner independence as both a concept and as a practice is being construed.

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