The science of prevention. A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program.

A conceptual framework for studying the prevention of human dysfunction is offered. On the basis of recent advances in research on the development of psychological disorders and methods of preventive intervention, generalizations about the relation of risk and protective factors to disorder are put forward, along with a set of principles for what may be identified as the science of prevention. Emerging themes from the study of human development, in general, need to be incorporated in the models for explaining and preventing serious problems of human adaptation. The article concludes with a set of recommendations for a national prevention research agenda.

[1]  J. Coie,et al.  The role of social context in the prevention of conduct disorder , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[2]  Bruce F. Pennington,et al.  Diagnosing Learning Disorders: A Neuropsychological Framework , 1991 .

[3]  S G West,et al.  Consensus, self-other agreement, and accuracy in personality judgment: an introduction. , 1993, Journal of personality.

[4]  J. Asarnow.  Children at risk for schizophrenia: converging lines of evidence. , 1988, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[5]  JoAnne L. Pedro-Carroll,et al.  The Children of Divorce Intervention Program: an investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. , 1985, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[6]  Thomas J. Dishion,et al.  Family, School, and Behavioral Antecedents to Early Adolescent Involvement with Antisocial Peers. , 1991 .

[7]  B. Flay.  What we know about the social influences approach to smoking prevention: review and recommendations. , 1985, NIDA research monograph.

[8]  K. Dodge.  Social Competence in Children. , 1986 .

[9]  R. Catalano,et al.  Delinquency and Drug Abuse: Implications for Social Services , 1988, Social Service Review.

[10]  E. Cowen.  In pursuit of wellness. , 1991 .

[11]  G. Caplan.  Principles of Preventive Psychiatry , 1964 .

[12]  R B Cairns,et al.  Early school dropout: configurations and determinants. , 1989, Child development.

[13]  M. Barrera,et al.  Recruiting a community sample of adolescent children of alcoholics: a comparison of three subject sources. , 1992, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[14]  L. Ewing,et al.  Correlates and predictors of hyperactivity and aggression: A longitudinal study of parent-referred problem preschoolers , 1986, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[15]  Fred Milson.  Youth In A Changing Society , 1972 .

[16]  N. Sarlin,et al.  Academic performance in children of divorce: psychological resilience and vulnerability. , 1991, Psychiatry.

[17]  Directors of development : influences on the development of children's thinking , 1991 .

[18]  Delbert S. Elliott,et al.  Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use , 1985 .

[19]  R. Catalano,et al.  Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[20]  B. Wheaton,et al.  Models for the stress-buffering functions of coping resources. , 1985, Journal of health and social behavior.

[21]  S. Kellam.  Developmental epidemiological framework for family research on depression and aggression. , 1990 .

[22]  E. Cowen,et al.  Person-centered approaches to primary prevention in mental health: Situation-focused and competence-enhancement , 1985, American journal of community psychology.

[23]  R. Caplan,et al.  Job seeking, reemployment, and mental health: a randomized field experiment in coping with job loss. , 1989, The Journal of applied psychology.

[24]  Steven R. Asher,et al.  Peer rejection in childhood. , 1991 .

[25]  S. Hymel,et al.  Reputational bias: View from the peer group. , 1990 .

[26]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology: Contents , 1990 .

[27]  G. Patterson,et al.  Coercive Family Process , 1982 .

[28]  Herbert C. Quay,et al.  Handbook of juvenile delinquency. , 1987 .

[29]  A. Bertelsen,et al.  Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia. Risks in the offspring of Fischer's Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins. , 1989, Archives of general psychiatry.

[30]  M. Rutter,et al.  Resilience in the Face of Adversity , 1985, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[31]  J. Coie,et al.  Predicting early adolescent disorder from childhood aggression and peer rejection. , 1992, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[32]  J. Bates,et al.  Attachment and the development of behavior problems. , 1988 .

[33]  G. Patterson.  Depression and Aggression in Family interaction , 1994 .

[34]  G. Spivack,et al.  Means-ends thinking, adjustment, and social class among elementary-school-aged children. , 1972, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[35]  J. Zubin.  Negative symptoms: are they indigenous to schizophrenia? , 1985, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[36]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[37]  S. Braver,et al.  Theory-based screening for prevention: Focusing on mediating processes in children of divorce , 1991, American journal of community psychology.

[38]  N. Garmezy.  Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors , 1985 .

[39]  P. Meehl.  Factors and Taxa, Traits and Types, Differences of Degree and Differences in Kind , 1992 .

[40]  M. Goldstein.  The UCLA High-Risk Project. , 1987, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[41]  S. West,et al.  Social support in the workplace: Tests of six theoretical models , 1988, American journal of community psychology.

[42]  I. Gottesman.  Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness , 1990 .

[43]  G. Ladd.  Having friends, keeping friends, making friends, and being liked by peers in the classroom: predictors of children's early school adjustment? , 1990, Child development.

[44]  E. J. Anthony,et al.  Children at risk for schizophrenia : a longitudinal perspective , 1984 .

[45]  J. Asarnow,et al.  Boys with peer adjustment problems: social cognitive processes. , 1985, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[46]  Susan B. Campbell,et al.  Behavior Problems in Preschool Children: Clinical and Developmental Issues, Second Edition. , 1990 .

[47]  R. Q. Bell.  Multiple-risk cohorts and segmenting risk as solutions to the problem of false positives in risk for the major psychoses. , 1992, Psychiatry.

[48]  E. Werner,et al.  Kauai's Children Come Of Age , 1976 .

[49]  G. Patterson,et al.  Some amplifying mechanisms for pathologic processes in families. , 1989 .

[50]  P. Silva,et al.  Perinatal, neurological, environmental and developmental characteristics of seven-year-old children with stable behaviour problems. , 1984, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[51]  Donelson R. Forsyth,et al.  Psychotherapy and behavior change: Social, cultural and methodological perspectives. , 1988 .

[52]  S. Goodman.  Emory University Project on Children of Disturbed Parents. , 1987, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[53]  R Plomin,et al.  Behavioral genetics and personality change. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[54]  Jay Belsky,et al.  Clinical implications of attachment , 1988 .

[55]  G. Vaillant.  What can long-term follow-up teach us about relapse and prevention of relapse in addiction? , 1988, British journal of addiction.

[56]  M. Bleuler.  The schizophrenic disorders: Long-term patient and family studies , 1978 .

[57]  M. Kovács,et al.  Depressive disorders in childhood. II. A longitudinal study of the risk for a subsequent major depression. , 1984, Archives of general psychiatry.

[58]  K. Dodge,et al.  The role of aggression in peer relations: an analysis of aggression episodes in boys' play groups. , 1991, Child development.

[59]  M. Rutter,et al.  Pathways from childhood to adult life. , 1989, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[60]  E. Walker.  Schizophrenia: A life-course developmental perspective. , 1991 .

[61]  J. Lochman,et al.  Format Differences and Salience Effects in the Social Problem-Solving Assessment of Aggressive and Nonaggressive Boys , 1989 .

[62]  S. West,et al.  The use of structural equation modeling in generative research: Toward the design of a preventive intervention for bereaved children , 1991, American journal of community psychology.

[63]  Thomas D. Cook,et al.  The generalization of causal connections: Multiple theories in search of clear practice , 1990 .

[64]  S. Scarr,et al.  What effects do parents have on their children , 1991 .

[65]  Zita M. Cantwell,et al.  Research methodology: Strengthening causal interpretations of nonexperimental data: L. Sechrest, E. Perrin, and J. Bunker (Eds.). (AHCPR Conference Proceedings, Tucson, AZ, April, 1987). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Polic , 1992 .

[66]  N. Watt,et al.  8 – Longitudinal Studies of Premorbid Development of Adult Schizophrenics , 1991 .

[67]  D. Mackinnon,et al.  A multicommunity trial for primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse. Effects on drug use prevalence. , 1989, JAMA.

[68]  K. Dodge,et al.  Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[69]  R. Emde,et al.  Early Identification of Children at Risk , 1985, Topics in Developmental Psychobiology.