The Impact of Short-Term Stochastic Variability in Solar Irradiance on Optimal Microgrid Design

This paper proposes a new methodology to capture the impact of fast moving clouds on utility power demand charges observed in microgrids with photovoltaic (PV) arrays, generators, and electrochemical energy storage. It consists of a statistical approach to introduce sub-hourly events in the hourly economic accounting process. The methodology is implemented in the distributed energy resources customer adoption model (DER-CAM), a state of the art mixed integer linear model used to optimally size DER in decentralized energy systems. Results suggest that previous iterations of DER-CAM could undersize battery capacities. The improved model depicts more accurately the economic value of PV as well as the synergistic benefits of pairing PV with storage.

[1]  Yongqiang. Jie.  Energy management software , 2009 .

[2]  Christos S. Ioakimidis,et al.  On the planning and analysis of Integrated Community Energy Systems: A review and survey of available tools , 2011 .

[3]  Shuaixun Chen,et al.  Sizing of energy storage for microgrids , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[4]  Wencong Su,et al.  Stochastic Energy Scheduling in Microgrids With Intermittent Renewable Energy Resources , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[5]  Kankar Bhattacharya,et al.  Optimal planning and design of a renewable energy based supply system for microgrids , 2012 .

[6]  Shahram Jadid,et al.  Stochastic operational scheduling of smart distribution system considering wind generation and demand response programs , 2014 .

[7]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Computational optimization techniques applied to microgrids planning: A review , 2015 .

[8]  Chris Marnay,et al.  Electric storage in California’s commercial buildings , 2013 .

[9]  Tao Tang,et al.  Stochastic charging management for plug-in electric vehicles in smart microgrids fueled by renewable energy sources , 2011, 2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications.

[10]  W. Marsden.  I and J , 2012 .

[11]  Bangyin Liu,et al.  Optimal Allocation and Economic Analysis of Energy Storage System in Microgrids , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[12]  Chris Marnay,et al.  Microgrid Reliability Modeling and Battery Scheduling Using Stochastic Linear Programming , 2013 .

[13]  Jay F. Whitacre,et al.  Evaluating the value of batteries in microgrid electricity systems using an improved Energy Systems Model , 2015 .

[14]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Robust Energy Management for Microgrids With High-Penetration Renewables , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[15]  G. Venkataramanan,et al.  Optimal Technology Selection and Operation of Commercial-Building Microgrids , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[16]  Martin Maier,et al.  Smart Microgrids: Optimal Joint Scheduling for Electric Vehicles and Home Appliances , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[17]  A. Mills,et al.  Implications of Wide-Area Geographic Diversity for Short- Term Variability of Solar Power , 2010 .

[18]  S. S. Venkata,et al.  Advanced integration of distributed energy resources , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[19]  Shaghayegh Bahramirad,et al.  Reliability-Constrained Optimal Sizing of Energy Storage System in a Microgrid , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[20]  Robert S. Balog,et al.  Multi-Objective Optimization and Design of Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid System for Community Smart DC Microgrid , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[21]  K. Palanisamy,et al.  Optimization in microgrids with hybrid energy systems – A review , 2015 .

[22]  Thillainathan Logenthiran,et al.  Optimal sizing of Distributed Energy Resources for integrated microgrids using Evolutionary Strategy , 2012, 2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation.

[23]  Ana Paula Barbosa-Póvoa,et al.  Optimal investment and scheduling of distributed energy resources with uncertainty in electric vehicle driving schedules , 2014 .

[24]  Amanpreet Kaur,et al.  Characterization and Cost Analysis for the UC Merced Campus Load Including Effects of Solar Farm Variability , 2012 .

[25]  J. Neubauer,et al.  Deployment of Behind-The-Meter Energy Storage for Demand Charge Reduction , 2015 .