Floor Apportionment and Mutual Gazes in Native and Second-Language Conversation

Quantitative analysis of gazes between a speaker and listeners was conducted from the viewpoint of mutual activities in floor apportionment, with the assumption that mutual gaze plays an important role in coordinating speech interaction. We conducted correlation analyses of the speaker's and listener's gazes in a three-party conversation, comparing native language (L1) and second language (L2) interaction in two types (free-flowing and goal-orient- ed). The analyses showed significant correlations between gazes from the current to the next speaker and those from the next to the current speaker during utterances preceding a speaker change in L1 conversation, suggesting that the participants were coordinating their speech turns with mutual gazes. In L2 conversation, however, such a correlation was found only in the goal-oriented type, suggesting that linguistic proficiency may affect the floor-apportionment function of mutual gazes, possibly because of the cognitive load of understanding/producing utterances.

[1]  Tsuneo Kato,et al.  Joining-in-type Humanoid Robot Assisted Language Learning System , 2016, LREC.

[2]  Herbert H. Clark,et al.  Grounding in communication , 1991, Perspectives on socially shared cognition.

[3]  Emanuel A. Schegloff,et al.  Commentary on Stivers and Rossano: “Mobilizing Response” , 2010 .

[4]  Masafumi Nishida,et al.  Differences in Interactional Attitudes in Native and Second Languag Conversations: Quantitative Analyses of Multimodal Three-Party Corpus , 2013, CogSci.

[5]  Kobin H. Kendrick,et al.  Unaddressed participants’ gaze in multi-person interaction: optimizing recipiency , 2015, Frontiers in Psychology.

[6]  Federico Rossano,et al.  Gaze in Conversation , 2012 .

[7]  Anton Nijholt,et al.  Eye gaze patterns in conversations: there is more to conversational agents than meets the eyes , 2001, CHI.

[8]  Anoop Gupta,et al.  Distributed meetings: a meeting capture and broadcasting system , 2002, MULTIMEDIA '02.

[9]  Pamela J. Hinds,et al.  Walking Through Jelly: Language Proficiency, Emotions, and Disrupted Collaboration in Global Work , 2009 .

[10]  Yuri Hosoda,et al.  Repair and Relevance of Differential Language Expertise in Second Language Conversations , 2006 .

[11]  H. H. Clark,et al.  Speaking while monitoring addressees for understanding , 2004 .

[12]  S. Duncan,et al.  Some Signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversations , 1972 .

[13]  M. Argyle,et al.  The Effects of Visibility on Interaction in a Dyad , 1968 .

[14]  Masafumi Nishida,et al.  Multimodal corpus of multiparty conversations in L1 and L2 languages and findings obtained from it , 2015, Lang. Resour. Evaluation.

[15]  E. Schegloff,et al.  The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation , 1977 .

[16]  付伶俐.  打磨Using Language,倡导新理念 , 2014 .

[17]  Ichiro Umata,et al.  Quantitative Analysis of Gazes and Grounding Acts in L1 and L2 Conversations , 2016, LREC.

[18]  M. Argyle,et al.  Gaze and Mutual Gaze , 1994, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[19]  Penelope Brown,et al.  Gaze, questioning and culture , 2009 .

[20]  D. Rutter,et al.  The timing of Looks in dyadic conversation , 1978 .

[21]  G. Beattie,et al.  Floor apportionment and gaze in conversational dyads , 1978 .

[22]  Lynn Wilcox,et al.  Meeting Capture in a Media Enriched Conference Room , 1999, CoBuild.

[23]  C. Kleinke.  Gaze and eye contact: a research review. , 1986, Psychological bulletin.

[24]  Tsuneo Kato,et al.  Measuring Effect of Repetitive Queries and Implicit Learning with Joining-in-type Robot Assisted Language Learning System , 2017, SLaTE.

[25]  Xiaolan Fu,et al.  Video helps remote work: speakers who need to negotiate common ground benefit from seeing each other , 1999, CHI '99.

[26]  Ichiro Umata,et al.  Quantitative analyses of Gaze Activity during Silence: Comparison between Native-Language and Second-Language Conversation , 2015, EAPCogSci.

[27]  Tsuneo Kato,et al.  Features of learner corpus collected with joining-in type robot assisted language learning system , 2016, 2016 Conference of The Oriental Chapter of International Committee for Coordination and Standardization of Speech Databases and Assessment Techniques (O-COCOSDA).

[28]  David R Traum,et al.  Towards a Computational Theory of Grounding in Natural Language Conversation , 1991 .

[29]  Tanya Stivers,et al.  Mobilizing Response , 2010 .

[30]  Masafumi Nishida,et al.  Effects of language proficiency on eye-gaze in second language conversations: toward supporting second language collaboration , 2013, ICMI '13.

[31]  A. Kendon.  Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction. , 1967, Acta psychologica.

[32]  Kobin H. Kendrick,et al.  Gaze Direction Signals Response Preference in Conversation , 2017 .

[33]  Tsuneo Kato,et al.  Difference in Eye Gaze for Floor Apportionment in Native- and Second-Language Conversations , 2018, Journal of nonverbal behavior.