LOFAR - low frequency array

Nog een paar maanden en dan wordt de grootste radiotelescoop ter wereld officieel geopend: LOFAR, de ‘Low Frequency Array'.LOFAR is een nieuwe radiotelescoop die in Nederland gebouwd wordt door ASTRON, de Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland. Met LOFAR heeft Nederland er straks een uniek instrument bij. Voor het eerst wordt het frequentiegebied van 30 tot 240 MHz onderzocht. In dit artikel zullen we LOFAR beschrijven: van de astronomische mogelijkheden met de nieuwe telescoop tot aan een nadere technische beschrijving van het instrument.

S. Markoff | A. Noutsos | H. Holties | R. N. Mohan | B. W. Stappers | I. M. Avruch | A. Shulevski | F. de Gasperin | A. T. Deller | S. ter Veen | P. Schellart | A. van Ardenne | S. J. Wijnholds | S. Yatawatta | H. R. Butcher | J. P. Hamaker | H. Spreeuw | L. Bahren | A. Horneffer | G. Heald | E. Kooistra | G. Schoonderbeek | L. Nieuwenhuis | J. Conway | D. Rafferty | K. Dijkstra | A. van der Horst | E. Middelberg | P. Bennema | P. Lambropoulos | S. Zaroubi | A. Alexov | M. E. Bell | J. Eisloffel | M. Kuniyoshi | P. Zarka | A. Nelles | D. McKay-Bukowski | H. Meulman | W. Reich | J. P. McKean | S. White | J. van Leeuwen | G. Macario | A. Asgekar | M. Brentjens | W. Frieswijk | M. Arts | A. Bonafede | J. Broderick | T. Hassall | D. Kant | M. Pandey-Pommier | C. Sobey | J. Swinbank | C. Tasse | R. Beck | P. Best | W. N. Brouw | M. Bruggen | B. Ciardi | E. de Geus | M. de Vos | M. A. Garrett | M. Hoeft | H. Intema | A. Karastergiou | M. Loose | P. Maat | M. Mevius | H. Munk | J. E. Noordam | H. Paas | A. Renting | A. Schoenmakers | J. Sluman | O. Smirnov | M. Steinmetz | M. Tagger | Y. Tang | S. Thoudam | R. Vermeulen | C. Vocks | O. Wucknitz | A. R. Offringa | R. Fender | J. W. Romein | R. A. M. J. Wijers | M. Ruiter | M. Drost | F. Batejat | J. Morawietz | F. Breitling | N. Vermaas | A. Doorduin | D. D. Mulcahy | M. P. van Haarlem | V. N. Pandey | J. C. A. Miller-Jones | R.-J. Dettmar | T. Grit | A.-J. Boonstra | M. J. Bentum | A.-J. van der Veen | M. W. Wise | A. W. Gunst | J. W. T. Hessels | A. G. de Bruyn | R. Nijboer | R. Fallows | H. Falcke | J. Horandel | L. V. E. Koopmans | G. Mann | G. Miley | H. Rottgering | M. van den Akker | J. Anderson | K. Anderson | M. R. Bell | I. van Bemmel | G. Bernardi | L. Birzan | R. Braun | J. Bregman | R. H. van de Brink | P. C. Broekema | W. van Cappellen | T. Coenen | A. Coolen | A. Corstanje | S. Damstra | O. Davies | G. van Diepen | P. Donker | J. Dromer | A. van Duin | J. van Enst | C. Ferrari | H. Gankema | M. Gerbers | J.-M. Griessmeier | P. Gruppen | A. van Houwelingen | A. Huijgen | M. Iacobelli | N. Jackson | V. Jelic | A. de Jong | E. Juette | A. Koers | H. Kollen | V. I. Kondratiev | Y. Koopman | A. Koster | M. Kramer | G. Kuper | C. Law | J. Lemaitre | J. Masters | H. Meijering | R. Millenaar | J. D. Mol | R. Morganti | E. Mulder | R. van Nieuwpoort | M. Norden | H. Olofsson | A. Omar | E. Orr'u | R. Overeem | R. Pizzo | A. Polatidis | S. Rawlings | J.-P. de Reijer | J. Reitsma | P. Riemers | E. Rol | J. Roosjen | A. Scaife | K. van der Schaaf | B. Scheers | M. Serylak | C. G. M. Sterks | H.-J. Stiepel | K. Stuurwold | I. Thomas | M. C. Toribio | B. van der Tol | O. Usov | M. van Veelen | J. P. W. Verbiest | C. Vogt | E. van der Wal | R. van Weeren | H. Weggemans | P. Weltevrede | T. Wilhelmsson | A. Zensus | J. van Zwieten

[1]  S. Buitink,et al.  Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers , 2005, Nature.

[2]  J. Richard Fisher,et al.  A new wideband, fully steerable, decametric array at Clark Lake , 1974 .

[3]  S. Furlanetto,et al.  Efficient Simulations of Early Structure Formation and Reionization , 2007, 0704.0946.

[4]  K. Jansky,et al.  Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System , 1933, Nature.

[5]  Namir E. Kassim,et al.  Subarcminute resolution imaging of radio sources at 74 MHz with the very large array , 1993 .

[6]  M. Mclaughlin,et al.  A Bright Millisecond Radio Burst of Extragalactic Origin , 2007, Science.

[7]  S. Zaroubi,et al.  Foreground simulations for the LOFAR-epoch of reionization experiment , 2008, 0804.1130.

[8]  V. Narayanan,et al.  A Survey of z > 5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. II. Discovery of Three Additional Quasars at z > 6 , 2003, astro-ph/0301135.

[9]  T. W. B. Muxlow,et al.  151-MHz and 1.5-GHz observations of bridges in powerful extragalactic radio sources , 1989 .

[10]  Salvatore Di Gregorio,et al.  Computer simulation of natural phenomena for hazard assessment , 2006, Comput. Geosci..

[11]  H. Falcke,et al.  Detecting radio emission from cosmic ray air showers and neutrinos with a digital radio telescope , 2002, astro-ph/0207226.

[12]  Peter Frick,et al.  Magnetic field structures of galaxies derived from analysis of Faraday rotation measures, and perspectives for the SKA , 2007, 0711.1267.

[13]  E. Greisen,et al.  The NRAO VLA Sky Survey , 1996 .

[14]  W. C. Erickson,et al.  Cygnus A: A Long-Wavelength Resolution of the Hot Spots , 2006, astro-ph/0603717.

[15]  A. Hewish,et al.  Interplanetary Scintillation of Small Diameter Radio Sources , 1964, Nature.

[16]  K. Institute,et al.  Diffuse polarized emission associated with the Perseus cluster , 2005, astro-ph/0507351.

[17]  J. Bregman,et al.  Understanding radio polarimetry. III. Interpreting the IAU/IEEE definitions of the Stokes parameters. , 1996 .

[18]  Alle-Jan van der Veen,et al.  Self-Calibration for the LOFAR Radio Astronomical Array , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[19]  Benedetta Ciardi,et al.  The First Cosmic Structures and Their Effects , 2004 .

[20]  K. Greisen.  End to the cosmic ray spectrum , 1966 .

[21]  J. Hamaker.  Understanding radio polarimetry. IV. The full-coherency analogue of scalar self-calibration: Self-al , 2000 .

[22]  M. P. van Haarlem,et al.  LOFAR: The Low Frequency Array , 2005 .

[23]  T. Lazio,et al.  A powerful bursting radio source towards the Galactic Centre , 2005, Nature.

[24]  James S. Bolton,et al.  The observed ionization rate of the intergalactic medium and the ionizing emissivity at z≥ 5: evidence for a photon-starved and extended epoch of reionization , 2007 .

[25]  C. Carilli,et al.  Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy II , 1999 .

[26]  Peter C. Tribble,et al.  Depolarization of extended radio sources by a foreground Faraday screen , 1991 .

[27]  B. Burke,et al.  Observations of a variable radio source associated with the planet Jupiter , 1955 .

[28]  T. Abel,et al.  Multi-dimensional cosmological radiative transfer with a Variable Eddington Tensor formalism , 2001, astro-ph/0106278.

[29]  C. Ferrari,et al.  Observations of Extended Radio Emission in Clusters , 2008, 0801.0985.

[30]  Torsten A. Ensslin,et al.  The radio luminosity function of cluster radio halos , 2002, astro-ph/0209218.

[31]  Namir E. Kassim.  The Clark Lake 30.9 MHz galactic plane survey , 1988 .

[32]  J. Cordes,et al.  Observational limits on the location of pulsar emission regions. , 1978 .

[33]  J. Condon,et al.  Confusion and flux-density error distributions , 1974 .

[34]  George B. Field,et al.  Excitation of the Hydrogen 21-CM Line , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[35]  Tim Huege,et al.  Radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. Monte Carlo simulations , 2005 .

[36]  Jr.,et al.  A Survey of z > 5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. IV. Discovery of Seven Additional Quasars* ** , 2004, astro-ph/0512080.

[37]  M. Norman,et al.  A Multistep Algorithm for the Radiation Hydrodynamical Transport of Cosmological Ionization Fronts and Ionized Flows , 2005, astro-ph/0508214.

[38]  B. Stappers,et al.  A very brief description of LOFAR – the Low Frequency Array , 2006, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union.

[39]  J. Usón,et al.  Correcting direction-dependent gains in the deconvolution of radio interferometric images , 2008, 0805.0834.

[40]  A. Hewish,et al.  Angular Size and Flux Density of the Small Source in the Crab Nebula at 81.5 Mc/s , 1967, Nature.

[41]  A E Rogers,et al.  Quasars Revisited: Rapid Time Variations Observed Via Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry , 1971, Science.

[42]  B. Ciardi,et al.  Early reionization by the first galaxies , 2003 .

[43]  D. Holdstock.  Past, present--and future? , 2005, Medicine, conflict, and survival.

[44]  C. Breuck,et al.  Distant radio galaxies and their environments , 2008, 0802.2770.

[45]  Kamal Sarabandi,et al.  Antennas and Propagation , 2019, 2019 14th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS).

[46]  Garching,et al.  Detection and extraction of signals from the epoch of reionization using higher-order one-point statistics , 2008, 0809.2428.

[47]  R. Laing,et al.  Magnetic fields in extragalactic radio sources. , 1980 .

[48]  R. N. Manchester,et al.  Catalog of 558 pulsars , 1993 .

[49]  B. Ciardi,et al.  Probing beyond the epoch of hydrogen reionization with 21 centimeter radiation , 2003 .

[50]  Albert-Jan Boonstra,et al.  Spatial filtering of interfering signals at the initial Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) phased array test station , 2005 .

[51]  R. Sault,et al.  Understanding radio polarimetry. II. Instrumental calibration of an interferometer array , 1996 .

[52]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  Three Year Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Polarization Analysis , 2006, astro-ph/0603450.

[53]  Christine Jordan,et al.  Extremely long baseline interplanetary scintillation measurements of solar wind velocity , 2006 .

[54]  Saleem Zaroubi,et al.  Constraints on reionization from the thermal history of the intergalactic medium , 2002 .

[55]  Abraham Loeb,et al.  In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe , 2000 .

[56]  R. Sault,et al.  Understanding radio polarimetry. I. Mathematical foundations , 1996 .

[57]  James J. Condon,et al.  Frontiers of Astrophysics: A Celebration of NRAO's 50th Anniversary , 2008 .

[58]  D. F. Cioffi,et al.  Internal Faraday rotation effects in transparent synchrotron sources , 1980 .

[59]  D. Melrose.  Plasma emission mechanisms. , 1985 .

[60]  A. Garcia-Rigo,et al.  The IGS VTEC maps: a reliable source of ionospheric information since 1998 , 2009 .

[61]  Steven Furlanetto,et al.  Cosmology at low frequencies: The 21 cm transition and the high-redshift Universe , 2006 .

[62]  A. Penzias,et al.  A Measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080-Mc/s , 1965 .

[63]  D. R. Lorimer,et al.  A Periodically Active Pulsar Giving Insight into Magnetospheric Physics , 2006, Science.

[64]  A. Hewish,et al.  Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source , 1968, Nature.

[65]  V. Radhakrishnan,et al.  Pulsar observations at decametric wavelengths using a swept-frequency dedisperser , 1994 .

[66]  C. Vocks,et al.  Excitation of electrostatic fluctuations by jets in a flaring plasma , 2007 .

[67]  H. Rottgering,et al.  The Westerbork Northern Sky Survey (WENSS) I. A 570 square degree Mini-Survey around the North Ecliptic Pole ? , 1997 .

[68]  M. Capaccioli,et al.  Shapley Optical Survey - II. The effect of environment on the colour-magnitude relation and galaxy colours , 2006 .

[69]  Volker Bromm,et al.  The First Stars , 2004 .

[70]  Tim J. Cornwell,et al.  The Noncoplanar Baselines Effect in Radio Interferometry: The W-Projection Algorithm , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[71]  D. Sokoloff,et al.  Depolarization and Faraday effects in galaxies , 1998 .

[72]  Martin J. Rees,et al.  21 CENTIMETER TOMOGRAPHY OF THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM AT HIGH REDSHIFT , 1996 .

[73]  J. Delouis,et al.  The Nançay Radioheliograph , 1997 .

[74]  E. Greisen,et al.  The 74 MHz System on the Very Large Array , 2007, 0704.3088.

[75]  Austin,et al.  C2-ray: A new method for photon-conserving transport of ionizing radiation , 2005, astro-ph/0508416.

[76]  Philippe Zarka,et al.  Fast radio imaging of Jupiter's magnetosphere at low-frequencies with LOFAR , 2004 .

[77]  E. Purcell,et al.  Observation of a Line in the Galactic Radio Spectrum: Radiation from Galactic Hydrogen at 1,420 Mc./sec. , 1951, Nature.

[78]  S. B. Pandey,et al.  Flares from a candidate Galactic magnetar suggest a missing link to dim isolated neutron stars , 2008, Nature.

[79]  K. Institute,et al.  Faraday rotation measure synthesis , 2005, astro-ph/0507349.

[80]  G. Swenson,et al.  Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy , 2017, 1708.09761.

[81]  R. Perley,et al.  The VLA Low-Frequency Sky Survey , 2005, 0706.1191.

[82]  A. S. Bennett,et al.  The Preparation of the Revised 3C Catalogue of Radio Sources , 1962 .

[83]  KENNETH MELLANBY.  A Simple Hygrometer , 1933, Nature.

[84]  R. Manchester,et al.  psrchive and psrfits: An Open Approach to Radio Pulsar Data Storage and Analysis , 2004, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.

[85]  Matias Zaldarriaga,et al.  Simulations and Analytic Calculations of Bubble Growth during Hydrogen Reionization , 2006, astro-ph/0604177.

[86]  R. N. Manchester,et al.  Transient radio bursts from rotating neutron stars , 2005, Nature.

[87]  O. Scholten,et al.  A macroscopic description of coherent geo-magnetic radiation from cosmic-ray air showers , 2007, 0709.2872.

[88]  J. P. Hamaker,et al.  Understanding radio polarimetry - V. Making matrix self-calibration work: processing of a simulated observation , 2006 .